Pre-pregnancy tests: Most common tests, and why they are important

A pelvic exam assesses the health of the reproductive organs and identifies any abnormalities that may affect fertility or pregnancy. (Image: Canva)

Pre-pregnancy tests aim to ensure a safe and healthy pregnancy for both the mother and the baby. By undergoing pre-pregnancy testing, individuals or couples can address any health concerns, optimise their fertility, and minimise the risk of complications during pregnancy.

Here are some common pre-pregnancy tests and their significance:

Blood tests

Blood type and Rh factor: Determining blood type is essential to identify any potential compatibility issues between the mother and baby, says Dr Shiva Murarka, senior scientist-reproductive genomics, Neuberg Centre for Genomic Medicine, Ahmedabad. Rh factor testing is crucial for Rh-negative mothers, as it helps prevent Rh incompatibility complications during pregnancy.

Complete blood count (CBC): CBC helps evaluate overall health by measuring red and white blood cell counts, haemoglobin levels, and platelet counts, says Murarka. Anaemia or other blood disorders can affect pregnancy outcomes and may require treatment before conception.

Genetic tests

Carrier Screening: This test can identify if either partner carries genetic mutations that could be passed on to the baby, leading to genetic disorders. Screening for conditions like cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anaemia, or Tay-Sachs disease allows couples to make informed decisions about family planning.

Cystic fibrosis carrier screening: This test checks for the presence of the CFTR gene mutations, which cause cystic fibrosis. Identifying carriers helps assess the risk of having a child with the condition.

Infectious disease screening

HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C testing: Screening for these infections is crucial to prevent transmission to the baby during pregnancy or childbirth. Early detection allows for appropriate medical interventions and reduces the risk of vertical transmission.

Rubella immunity test: Murarka says that Rubella infection during pregnancy can lead to severe birth defects. Testing for immunity helps determine if vaccination is necessary before conception to prevent rubella infection.

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) test: Thyroid disorders, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism, can affect fertility and increase the risk of pregnancy complications. Testing thyroid function helps ensure optimal hormone levels for conception and a healthy pregnancy.

Sexually transmitted infection (STI) screening

Chlamydia and gonorrhea testing: Untreated STIs can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility. Screening for these infections allows for early detection and treatment, reducing the risk of complications during pregnancy.

Syphilis screening: Syphilis infection during pregnancy can result in congenital syphilis, causing severe health problems or even death in newborns. Screening helps prevent transmission and allows for timely treatment if needed.

Pelvic examination and pap smear

Pelvic exam: A pelvic exam assesses the health of the reproductive organs and identifies any abnormalities that may affect fertility or pregnancy. It also includes a visual inspection for signs of sexually transmitted infections or reproductive disorders.

Pap smear: Pap smear screening detects abnormal cervical cells, which could indicate cervical cancer or precancerous conditions. Early detection and treatment are essential for maintaining reproductive health and reducing pregnancy risks.