Blood Cancer Awareness Month: Causes and symptoms of leukaemia, lymphoma and other cancers

Blood Cancer Awareness Month is a vital initiative dedicated to raising awareness about the impact and challenges of blood cancers. (Image: Canva)

Blood Cancer Awareness Month is a vital initiative dedicated to raising awareness about the impact and challenges of blood cancers. This month-long observance aims to educate the public about various types of blood cancers, including leukaemia, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, as well as myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative disorders. Blood cancers often present with symptoms such as fatigue, frequent infections, and unexplained bruising, making awareness and education critical for timely diagnosis and treatment.

This month also serves as an opportunity to honour the courage of patients, celebrate the efforts of healthcare professionals, and encourage community involvement in fundraising and advocacy. Through collective efforts, we can improve outcomes and provide hope for a cure, says Dr Rahul Bhatnagar, a Mumbai-based oncologist and consultant with BMS Global Health. The expert explains the different types of blood cancer and the symptoms they bring.

Types of blood cancer

Leukaemia

A cancer of the blood-forming tissues, including the bone marrow and lymphatic system. It results in the overproduction of abnormal white blood cells. Symptoms vary by type but often include fatigue, frequent infections, and easy bleeding or bruising.

Lymphoma

This cancer starts in the lymphatic system, including lymph nodes and spleen. Hodgkin lymphoma features Reed-Sternberg cells, while non-Hodgkin lymphoma includes various subtypes. Symptoms commonly include swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, and fever.

Multiple myeloma

A cancer of plasma cells in the bone marrow. It leads to bone damage, immune system issues, and high calcium levels in the blood. Symptoms include bone pain, fatigue, and frequent infections.

Myelodysplastic Syndromes (MDS)

A group of disorders where blood cells are poorly formed or dysfunctional. This causes symptoms like anaemia, easy bruising, and frequent infections. It often progresses slowly and may require ongoing treatment.

Myeloproliferative Neoplasms (MPNs)

Disorders causing overproduction of blood cells. Includes Polycythaemia vera, Essential Thrombocythemia, and Primary Myelofibrosis. Symptoms vary but may include fatigue, bleeding issues, and an enlarged spleen.

Also see | 3-minute breath technique: A quick guide to relaxation

Common symptoms of blood cancer

Fatigue

Persistent and overwhelming tiredness not relieved by rest. Often, it is a result of anaemia or other complications associated with blood cancer, leading to a significant reduction in daily functioning.

Frequent infections

Repeated infections due to a weakened immune system, are caused by abnormal blood cells or treatments that compromise immune function. Common signs include recurring fevers or persistent illnesses.

Unexplained bruising or bleeding

Unusual bleeding or bruising without an obvious cause, such as frequent nosebleeds or gum bleeding. This occurs due to the impaired ability of blood to clot effectively.

Swollen lymph nodes

Painless lumps or swelling in lymph nodes located in the neck, armpits, or groin. Often indicative of lymphoma or other lymphatic system issues, and can be associated with other symptoms.

Bone pain

Persistent pain in the bones or joints is often caused by cancer cells infiltrating the bone marrow. This symptom is common in multiple myeloma and some types of leukaemia.

Weight loss

Significant and unexplained weight loss despite no changes in diet or physical activity. Often a sign of advanced cancer affecting metabolism or appetite.

Night sweats

Severe sweating during sleep, leading to soaked bedclothes and sheets. Common in lymphomas and other blood cancers, often accompanied by fever and weight loss.