The dangers of consuming dry ice: symptoms, treatment and preventive measures

Five people were injured seriously after they consumed dry ice at a Gurugram cafe. (Screengrabs from video @Mamtagusain5/X)

Five people, eating at a café in Gurugram, began vomiting blood and complained of cuts on their tongue after consuming mouth freshener served by the eatery after their meal. Ankit Kumar, his wife and their friends visited Laforestta Cafe in Gurugram on March 2, where they took ill after eating the mouth freshener, that reportedly contained dry ice.

In a video recorded by Kumar, the group is seen crying out in pain and trying to get some relief by putting ice in their mouth. Some were seen trying to vomit to get the dry ice out as they yelled out holding the café responsible.  They were taken to the hospital for treatment and have filed a case against the establishment.

What is Dry Ice?

Dry ice, the solid form of carbon dioxide (CO2), is a common tool for creating dramatic fog effects at parties and preserving food during shipping. The accidental consumption of dry ice poses severe health risks that are often underestimated.

Symptoms

Initially, victims may experience a sharp, burning sensation in the mouth and throat, attributed to the dry ice's extremely cold temperature, which can cause frostbite to internal tissues upon contact. As the dry ice sublimates — transitions directly from a solid to a gas within the body — it can lead to abdominal pain, bloating, and severe discomfort, symptoms that mimic those of more common gastrointestinal issues but stem from a far more dangerous cause.

The internal expansion of CO2 gas poses the most significant risk, as it can lead to gastric distension and, in severe cases, perforation of the stomach or intestines, a life-threatening condition requiring immediate medical intervention. The rapid release of gas can also trigger difficulty breathing, a sudden drop in blood pressure, and even loss of consciousness.

Treatment

Victims are urged to seek medical attention if they consume dry ice by mistake. Medical professionals may employ various strategies to mitigate the effects, including administering pain relief for frostbite injuries, monitoring for signs of gastric perforation, and supporting respiratory function as necessary.

Preventive measures

Many specialty restaurants use dry ice for preservation as well as plating of food. Proper storage, handling with protective gear, and ensuring that dry ice is kept away from food and drinks intended for consumption are paramount to avoid accidental ingestion.