Cervical cancer: How quitting smoking, healthy diet, regular check-ups can reduce risk

How to prevent cervical cancer: A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps boost the immune system. Foods high in antioxidants, such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E, provide additional protection (Image: Canva)

Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus, grow uncontrollably. According to the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with certain high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).

The risk factors for cervical cancer, include HPV infection (responsible for 70 percent of cases, primarily types 16 and 18), smoking (which doubles the risk by weakening the immune system and damaging cervical cells), a weakened immune system (due to conditions like HIV/AIDS or immunosuppressive therapy), early sexual activity or multiple partners (increasing HPV exposure), and lack of screening or vaccination, which significantly elevates the risk.

Also read | Causes, symptoms, prevention and screening methods for cervical cancer

If left untreated, these abnormal cells can invade deeper layers of the cervix and spread to other parts of the body, says D Shriniwas Kulkarni, Consultant Medical Oncologist at Sahyadri Super Speciality Hospital, Pune. “Cervical cancer is preventable and treatable if caught early. Awareness, early diagnosis, and timely intervention are key to reducing its burden, especially in countries like India where the incidence remains high," he says.

Make these lifestyle changes to reduce cervical cancer risk:

Vaccination

The HPV vaccine is a critical preventive tool. It protects against high-risk HPV strains responsible for most cervical cancer cases. The vaccine is recommended for girls and boys between ages 9 and 12, ideally before the onset of sexual activity. Adults up to age 45 who have not been vaccinated can also benefit from the vaccine. “The HPV vaccine is a breakthrough in cancer prevention. Administering it at the right age can almost eliminate the risk of cervical cancer," says Dr Kulkarni.

Regular screening

Routine screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV DNA tests, play a crucial role in detecting precancerous changes early. Women aged 21 to 29 should undergo a Pap test every three years. Women aged 30 to 65 should have a Pap test combined with an HPV test every five years or a Pap test alone every three years.

Also read | Cervical Cancer Month: All about cervical health and why early detection is key to prevention

Practice safe sex

Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can significantly reduce HPV transmission. Practicing safe sex lowers the risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.

Stop smoking

Smoking increases the risk of squamous cell cervical cancer. Quitting smoking not only lowers this risk but also improves your health. “Smoking weakens the body’s ability to fight infections, including HPV. Quitting is one of the most impactful lifestyle changes women can make," suggests Dr Kulkarni.

Healthy diet and nutrition

A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps boost the immune system. Foods high in antioxidants, such as beta-carotene and vitamins C and E, provide additional protection. Maintaining a healthy weight is also critical, as obesity is linked to an increased risk of cervical cancer.

Exercise regularly, stay fit

Regular physical activity strengthens the immune system and helps maintain a healthy weight, reducing cancer risk.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.