Causes, symptoms and treatment options for cervical cancer: Regular screening is key, say experts

What is cervical cancer? (Image: Canva)

Cervical cancer is a major health concern for women worldwide, particularly in India, where it remains a leading cause of cancer-related deaths. However, thanks to advancements in research and medical practices, this type of cancer is both preventable and treatable, especially when detected early. We talked to experts to shed light on the causes, symptoms and preventive measures associated with cervical cancer, and how women can safeguard their health.

What is cervical cancer?

Cervical cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the cervix—the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. "Cervical cancer is the abnormal growth of cancerous cells on the mouth of the uterus," explains Dr Renuka Gupta, senior consultant, gynaecology oncology at Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh.

It is the third most common cancer in urban women in India, following breast and endometrial cancer. According to Dr Gupta, "1.2 lakh new cervical cancer cases are diagnosed every year, with 68,000 women losing their lives to it annually."

Dr Pakhee Aggarwal, senior consultant, gynaecology oncology at Indraprastha Apollo Hospitals, highlights the fact that cervical cancer often develops slowly and can remain asymptomatic for years. "It is one of the most preventable and treatable forms cancer, especially with regular screening," she notes.

Symptoms and causes

Symptoms of cervical cancer can be subtle and are often overlooked. Common signs include abnormal vaginal bleeding (postcoital bleeding or bleeding after menopause), persistent foul smelling vaginal discharge, pain during sex and lower back pain. Dr Gupta adds that, in advanced stages, patients may experience urinary and bowel issues, severe pain radiating to the back and legs, and even leakage of urine or stool from the vagina.

The primary cause of cervical cancer is persistent infection with high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. "HPV infection is responsible for 80-90 percent of cervical cancer cases worldwide," says Dr Gupta.

While cervical cancer is not hereditary or transmitted through genes, Dr Aggarwal highlights the significant role of lifestyle factors, such as early sexual activity, multiple sexual partners, and poor hygiene in increasing the risk of HPV infection.

Prevention and screening

Both doctors stress the importance of early prevention through vaccination and regular screening. Vaccination against HPV is the most effective method of prevention. "The vaccine is recommended for girls and boys aged 9-45 years, with two doses for those between 9-14 years and three doses for those aged 15-45," Dr Gupta advises. Vaccination helps prevent HPV infections, which significantly lower the risk of developing cervical cancer.

In addition to vaccination, regular cervical screening is essential. "Screening tests such as the Pap smear and HPV DNA testing help detect precancerous changes in the cervix," says Dr Aggarwal.

Dr Gupta further explains that screenings should begin at the age of 21 and continue every five years until the age of 65. If an abnormal result is found, further tests such as colposcopy or biopsy may be conducted to confirm the diagnosis.

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Treatment options

Treatment for cervical cancer depends on its stage and other factors like the patient's age and desire for fertility preservation. "In the early stages of cervical cancer, surgery is the treatment of choice. This may involve removing part of the cervix (conization) or the entire uterus (hysterectomy)," Dr Aggarwal explains.

For advanced cases, a combination of radiation therapy and chemotherapy is often used. Dr Gupta adds that fertility-preserving options, such as trachelectomy (removal of the cervix while preserving the uterus), may be considered for women who meet the criteria and wish to have children in the future.

"Radiotherapy can be delivered externally or internally (brachytherapy), while chemotherapy drugs like cisplatin are used to shrink tumours," Dr Aggarwal explains. In advanced stages (Stage IV), the primary option becomes palliative chemotherapy aimed at easing symptoms and improving quality of life.

Also Read | Cervical cancer: How quitting smoking, healthy diet, regular check-ups can reduce risk

By staying informed, adhering to recommended vaccination schedules, and getting regular screenings, women can significantly reduce their risk of developing cervical cancer. As Dr Aggarwal concludes, "With early detection, the prognosis is generally favourable, and survival rates are high."

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.