5 common mental health issues in older people

Health problems in old age: Anxiety disorders, including generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and phobias, are prevalent among older adults (Image: Canva)

In recent times, mental health issues among older people have become a significant public health concern. Mental health problems can affect anyone, but the elderly are particularly vulnerable due to a variety of factors, including physical health decline, social isolation, and loss of independence.

Understanding these issues is crucial for promoting mental well-being and providing appropriate care.

Depression in older adults:

Depression is one of the most common mental health issues in older people. It is often underdiagnosed and undertreated, partly because symptoms can be mistaken for normal ageing or physical health problems. Common symptoms of depression in the elderly include persistent sadness, loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, changes in appetite or weight, sleep disturbances, and feelings of hopelessness.

Several factors contribute to depression in older adults, such as chronic medical conditions, disability, loss of loved ones, and social isolation. The stigma surrounding mental health can also prevent older individuals from seeking help. Treatment options include medication, psychotherapy, and lifestyle changes such as increased physical activity and social engagement.

Anxiety disorders:

Anxiety disorders, including generalised anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder, and phobias, are prevalent among older adults. Symptoms of anxiety can be particularly distressing and include excessive worry, restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, and physical symptoms like a racing heart or shortness of breath. Older adults may develop anxiety disorders due to health issues, financial concerns, or the stress of major life changes such as retirement or moving into a care facility.

Effective treatments for anxiety disorders include cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT), medications, and relaxation techniques like mindfulness and meditation.

Dementia and cognitive decline:

Dementia, a decline in cognitive function severe enough to interfere with daily life, is a significant concern for the elderly. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, followed by vascular dementia. Symptoms include memory loss, confusion, difficulty with language and communication, and changes in behaviour and personality.

Risk factors for dementia include age, family history, cardiovascular disease, and lifestyle factors such as smoking and lack of physical activity. While there is no cure for dementia, early diagnosis and intervention can improve quality of life. Treatments may involve medications to manage symptoms, cognitive therapy, and support for caregivers.

Delirium:

Delirium is an acute, often reversible, condition characterised by sudden confusion and changes in behaviour or cognition. It is common among hospitalised older adults and those with severe medical conditions. Symptoms can include disorientation, agitation, hallucinations, and an inability to focus.

Causes of delirium can include infections, medications, dehydration, and metabolic imbalances. Prompt identification and treatment of the underlying cause are crucial. Interventions might involve reorientation techniques, creating a calm environment, and ensuring adequate hydration and nutrition.

Bipolar disorder:

Bipolar disorder, though less common than depression and anxiety, can affect older adults. This mood disorder is characterised by episodes of mania or hypomania (elevated mood, increased energy, and overactivity) and depression. In older adults, bipolar disorder can be challenging to diagnose due to the overlap of symptoms with other conditions like dementia or depression.

Effective management of bipolar disorder often requires a combination of medication and psychotherapy. Regular monitoring and support are essential to help older adults maintain stability and manage the impact of mood swings on their daily lives.