World Hypertension Day 2024: Here's how high blood pressure can lead to heart failure

Lifestyle modifications form the foundation, pharmacological intervention becomes indispensable for many young hypertensive individuals. (Image: Canva)

Hypertension, once primarily associated with middle-aged individuals, is increasingly prevalent among young adults. Contrary to previous assumptions, hypertension in the younger population significantly amplifies the risk of heart failure, heart attack, and stroke. With approximately one-third of adults affected by hypertension and 10 to 15 percent of young adults falling prey to elevated blood pressure levels, urgent attention is warranted. Coupled with rising rates of obesity and diabetes, this surge in hypertension underscores a looming crisis in cardiovascular health among the young.

Diagnosing hypertension in young adults

Traditionally diagnosed through blood pressure readings exceeding 140/90 mmHg, hypertension in young adults often eludes detection due to variations such as white coat hypertension or masked hypertension, says Dr Gajinder Kumar Goyal, director cardiology, Marengo Asia hospitals Faridabad.

He says embracing ambulatory or home blood pressure monitoring is pivotal for accurate diagnosis, especially considering the prevalence of these conditions. Timely identification of hypertension lays the foundation for effective intervention and risk mitigation.

Implications of hypertension in young adults

Contrary to the misconception that cardiovascular risks manifest predominantly in later years, young adults with hypertension face a staggering 2 to 4 times higher risk of heart failure, heart attack, and stroke. Notably, heart failure emerges as a particularly grave concern among this demographic.

Symptoms like breathlessness, palpitations, or fatigue should trigger prompt evaluation, including echocardiography and natriuretic peptide analysis, to assess cardiac health comprehensively.

Baseline investigations for young hypertensives

Given the multifaceted nature of hypertension's impact, a holistic approach to assessment is imperative. Beyond blood pressure monitoring, baseline investigations encompass lipid profile, thyroid function, glucose levels, and kidney function tests, says Goyal. This comprehensive evaluation enables clinicians to address concurrent comorbidities effectively, minimising the risk of complications.

Lifestyle modifications

Empowering young adults with hypertension begins with lifestyle modification as the cornerstone of management. Targeting a blood pressure goal of less than 130/80 mmHg necessitates concerted efforts towards salt reduction (aiming for less than 5 grams per day), regular physical activity, weight management, and dietary adjustments to reduce saturated fats and trans fatty acids.

Equally critical is the avoidance of smoking and moderation in alcohol consumption, both pivotal in curbing hypertension's progression.

Optimising treatment for hypertension

While lifestyle modifications form the foundation, pharmacological intervention becomes indispensable for many young hypertensive individuals. Medications such as ACE inhibitors/angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, and diuretics play pivotal roles in achieving blood pressure control.

With over 70 percent of patients requiring multiple agents for effective management, personalised treatment regimens tailored to individual needs are paramount.