Hormonal imbalance: Here's how fluctuations impact your menstrual cycle and pregnancy plans

PCOS and thyroid disorders can cause irregular periods and may affect fertility (Image: Canva)

You might feel bloated or unusually tired; maybe your skin is breaking out, or you’re dealing with unpredictable mood swings. These small changes can actually be signs of hormonal shifts that play a huge role in your menstrual cycle and fertility.

Hormones are the natural regulators of your reproductive system, influencing everything from your monthly cycle to your chances of getting pregnant, says Dr Nishi Singh, Head of Fertility at Prime IVF. "When these hormones are out of balance, it can lead to a range of issues and stress. Whether you’re trying to understand your cycle or improve your chances of conceiving, knowing what hormonal changes do can make all the difference," she explains.

Dr Singh shares how these hormone fluctuations impact your body, cycle, and fertility:

Key cycle hormones: The menstrual cycle depends heavily on two main hormones: estrogen and progesterone. Estrogen helps thicken the uterine lining, while progesterone prepares it for a fertilised egg. Both hormones work together in a delicate balance to ensure a regular cycle.

Also read | Best superfoods to stop hormonal imbalance naturally

Menstrual cycle stages: The menstrual cycle is about 28 days and includes three main stages:

• Follicular phase: Starts on the first day of menstruation. Estrogen increases, promoting follicle growth in the ovaries.
• Ovulation: Around the middle of the cycle, a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation. This is when fertility peaks.
• Luteal phase: After ovulation, progesterone prepares the uterine lining for pregnancy. If fertilisation doesn’t happen, hormone levels drop, leading to menstruation.

• Stress: High cortisol levels from stress can suppress reproductive hormones.

• Diet and exercise: Poor diet or excessive exercise may cause hormonal imbalances and irregular cycles.

• Health conditions: Issues like PCOS or thyroid disorders can cause irregular periods and may affect fertility.

• Track fertility windows: Knowing your cycle can help you understand your fertility. The fertile window lasts about six days, ending on ovulation day. You can track it by monitoring basal body temperature, cervical mucus, and cycle patterns.

• Age-related changes: Hormonal changes become more noticeable with age. As you approach perimenopause, cycles may become irregular, and fertility decreases. Recognising these changes helps in understanding reproductive health.

• Seek professional help: If you experience irregular cycles or difficulty conceiving, consult a doctor. They can guide you in managing hormonal balance and improving fertility.