Chronic pelvic pain or severe menstrual cramps? Here's why you should be worried about endometriosis

. Endometriosis can significantly affect a woman's quality of life and may require medical management. (Image: Canva)

Endometriosis is a chronic medical condition where tissue similar to the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, grows outside the uterus. This abnormal tissue can develop on the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and other pelvic organs. During the menstrual cycle, this tissue thickens and sheds, but unlike normal menstrual blood, it has no exit, leading to inflammation, pain, and the formation of scar tissue. Common symptoms include severe menstrual cramps, chronic pelvic pain, pain during intercourse, and infertility. Endometriosis can significantly affect a woman's quality of life and may require medical management or surgery for relief. Here are some warning signs that your painful periods might indicate this condition, as suggested by Noida-based gynaecologist Dr Manisha Kadam:

Severe menstrual cramps

Severe menstrual cramps related to endometriosis are more intense and persistent than typical cramps, often starting before the period and lasting several days. This pain is not easily relieved by standard painkillers. It occurs because endometrial-like tissue grows outside the uterus, responding to hormonal changes and causing inflammation, pain, and scar tissue formation in the pelvic area.

Fatigue, diarrhoea, constipation, or nausea

Fatigue and gastrointestinal symptoms like diarrhoea, constipation, bloating, and nausea, especially during menstruation, are often linked to endometriosis. These symptoms arise due to chronic pain, inflammation, and hormonal changes affecting the digestive tract. Endometriosis can lead to overall physical exhaustion and digestive issues, significantly impacting daily life and well-being.

Pain during intercourse

Pain during or after intercourse, especially deep penetration, is a common symptom of endometriosis. The pain can be sharp or lingering, caused by endometrial tissue located near pelvic organs, which becomes irritated during sexual activity. This pain is often misunderstood but can significantly impact a woman’s sexual health and overall quality of life.

Painful bowel movements or urination

Experiencing pain during bowel movements or urination, especially during menstruation, may indicate endometriosis. This occurs when endometrial-like tissue adheres to the bowel, bladder, or rectum, causing inflammation. These symptoms are often mistaken for digestive disorders or urinary tract infections but are key indicators of endometriosis affecting the pelvic organs.

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Excessive bleeding

Endometriosis can lead to menorrhagia, unusually heavy menstrual bleeding, and spotting between periods. This excessive bleeding is due to the additional endometrial-like tissue that thickens and breaks down during menstruation, contributing to a heavier menstrual flow. Such bleeding can be a significant indicator of endometriosis, warranting further investigation.

Chronic pelvic pain

Chronic pelvic pain is a persistent discomfort in the pelvic region that extends beyond the menstrual cycle. It can be dull or sharp and may radiate to the lower back or legs. This ongoing pain is caused by inflammation and scar tissue from endometrial implants, which bind organs together and disrupt normal function, leading to constant discomfort.

Infertility

Infertility is a common complication of endometriosis, affecting up to 50 per cent of women with the condition. Endometriosis can damage the ovaries and fallopian tubes, creating a hostile environment for conception. Scar tissue and adhesions may block the fallopian tubes, preventing fertilisation, while inflammation interferes with the reproductive process, making conception more difficult.