What is endometriosis? Understanding its causes, symptoms, risk factors and more
Endometriosis is the presence of functioning endometrial tissue outside the uterus, influenced by hormones and causing symptoms like dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, urinary or gastrointestinal issues, and infertility. It commonly affects women aged 30–45, with risk factors including low parity and delayed childbearing. Diagnosis is confirmed by laparoscopy, with hormonal or surgical management.
Uterus and its layers The uterus is made up of three layers, called the perimetrium, myometrium and the endometrium. The endometrium is the innermost layer, and it undergoes cyclical changes through the menstrual cycle. It is also influenced by hormones and this is where the implantation of the fertilised egg takes place. (Image: Canva)
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Definition of endometriosis The presence of a functioning endometrium (the glands along with the stroma) in places other than the uterine mucosa is known as endometriosis. Cyclic hormones can stimulate growth of such endometrial tissue, but continuous secretion of hormones may suppress it.(Image: Canva)
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Hormonal influence on endometrial tissue In endometriosis, the endometrial tissue can occur in the abdomen, mostly in structures below the belly button. It can also be present extra-abdominally, like at the site of hysterotomy (incision at the uterus), cesarean section and tubectomy. It may also be seen in the vagina or the cervix.(Image: Canva)
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Abdominal occurrence of endometriosis Other sites where the endometrial tissue may be present include the ovaries and the fallopian tubes. It may also be seen in the appendix, a part of the large intestine, ureter, kidney or even the lungs. Many risk factors may also influence the development of endometriosis.(Image: Canva)
Extra-abdominal occurrence of endometriosis Risk factors for endometriosis include low parity (less number of viable pregnancies), delayed child bearing and a family history of endometriosis. Other factors like genital tract obstruction and environmental toxins have also been found to play a role.(Image: Canva)
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Other sites of endometriosis The affected age group is usually between thirty to forty-five years of age. Those who develop endometriosis are mostly nulliparous or have had one or two children. Infertility and voluntary postponement of the first pregnancy until a later age are also related.(Image: Canva)
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Risk factors influencing development While some people with endometriosis may not have any symptoms, others may experience dysmenorrhea. This refers to pain during menstruation, and it usually begins a few days before the bleeding occurs. It worsens during menstruation and takes time to be relieved.(Image: Canva)
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Affected age group and parity Pre-menstrual spotting may also be seen in some people, while pelvic pain and lower abdominal discomfort may be experienced by others. Pain during urination and increased frequency of urination may also be noted in some affected individuals.(Image: Canva)
Symptoms related to menstruation Painful defecation may be a complaint, and other gastrointestinal symptoms due to endometriosis include diarrhoea or constipation, and rectal bleeding. Chronic fatigue is also common and rarely, some people may see blood while vomiting. Chest pain may be observed in some.(Image: Canva)
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Gastrointestinal and urinary symptoms The gynaecologist may advise investigations like ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A CT Scan may also be advised in certain cases. Laparoscopy is the gold standard for confirmation of endometriosis. Hormonal or surgical treatment may be recommended based on the clinical profile.(Image: Canva) Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis
Rajeshwaari Kalla is a freelance health and wellness writer
