Silent symptoms of poor kidney function: Watch out for high blood pressure, itching, swelling in legs

Uncontrolled diabetes and high blood pressure are the leading causes of kidney damage. High blood sugar levels damage kidney tissues over time, while uncontrolled hypertension affects blood vessels, reducing kidney function (Image: Canva)

Kidneys, the two bean-shaped organs located in the lower back, are responsible for a variety of essential functions. Their primary role is to filter waste, toxins, and excess fluids from the blood, which are then excreted through urine. They also help regulate blood pressure, balance electrolytes, produce red blood cells, and support bone health. Despite their importance, kidney diseases often go unnoticed until they reach an advanced stage.

With symptoms remaining silent until nearly 90 percent of kidney function is lost, many people are unaware of the damage until it's too late, says Dr P. S. Vali, Senior Consultant Nephrologist (Head of the Department, Asian Institute of Nephrology and Urology, Hyderabad. "Kidneys are organs that perform multiple complex functions, but their diseases progress silently,” he explains.

When kidney function declines, toxins accumulate in the body, leading to serious health complications. “The kidneys are often taken for granted, but they serve as the body's natural filtration system. A healthy kidney ensures that your body remains free of harmful waste,” warns Dr Vali.

Also read | Chronic Kidney Disease: Easy ways to keep your kidneys healthy, from diet tweaks to hydration tips

Several factors can contribute to kidney disease, many of which are preventable with lifestyle changes and timely medical intervention. Two major causes include:

Uncontrolled diabetes and high blood pressure: These are the leading causes of kidney damage. High blood sugar levels damage kidney tissues over time, while uncontrolled hypertension affects blood vessels, reducing kidney function. “In young people, high blood pressure should always raise suspicion of underlying kidney issues,” says Dr Vali.

8 silent symptoms that may indicate kidney disease:

Since kidney disease often progresses without noticeable symptoms, recognising early warning signs is critical. Here are eight symptoms that should never be ignored, says Dr Vali.

Swelling of legs and facial puffiness: When the kidneys fail to excrete excess water, it accumulates in the body, causing swelling in the legs and puffiness around the eyes.

High blood pressure in young adults: Failing kidneys release chemicals that trigger high blood pressure, often resistant to conventional treatments.

Foamy urine: While mild foaming is normal, excessive foam could indicate protein leakage, a sign of kidney damage.

Cola-coloured urine: Dark, tea-coloured urine is a red flag, suggesting serious kidney damage or blood leakage into the urine.

Frequent urination at night: Occasional night-time urination is normal, but if it becomes frequent, it may indicate early kidney dysfunction.

Also read | How to keep your kidney healthy: 10 simple rules to prevent kidney problems

Persistent vomiting: Unexplained vomiting lasting several days can occur due to rising toxin levels in the blood caused by kidney failure.

Intractable itching: Severe, persistent itching that doesn't respond to treatment is often linked to the buildup of toxins in kidney failure.

Blood in urine: This is never a normal occurrence and should be immediately investigated, as it may indicate infections, kidney stones, or even kidney disease.

The importance of testing:

Despite their resilience, kidneys can suffer irreversible damage if diseases go undetected. Regular screening is essential, especially for those at high risk, including diabetics, hypertensives, those with a family history of kidney disease, and people with a history of prolonged painkiller use. “Annual kidney function tests can detect problems early, allowing for timely medical intervention and better treatment outcomes,” Dr Vali advises.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.