Scientists discover brain 'pain switch' that could transform chronic pain treatment

Researchers at the University of Pennsylvania have identified a brain circuit that acts like a “pain switch,” suppressing chronic pain when survival instincts like hunger or fear take priority (Image: Pexels)

Researchers in the US have discovered a brain circuit that acts like a switch that enables our brain to dial down persistent pain when survival instincts (like hunger or fear) demand priority. The finding opens a new window into targeted treatments for chronic pain that work at the source: the brain itself.

What Scientists Discovered

A study led by a team of neuroscientists from the University of Pennsylvania discovered a group of neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN) of the brain. These neurons have Y1 receptors and stay active during long-lasting pain conditions.

They also react to crucial survival signals like hunger, fear, and thirst. This means the brain can push down chronic pain to focus on urgent needs.

The process involves neuropeptide Y (NPY), which adjusts Y1 receptors to reduce ongoing pain signals when other survival cues become important.

In animal models, the researchers observed that these neurons keep firing ("tonic activity") even after the underlying injury has healed—offering a plausible explanation for why pain lingers in many people.

Also Read: Chronic pain: Add healthy diet, adequate sleep, daily exercises to your daily routine for quick relief

Why This Matters for Chronic Pain Management

Beyond the injured area, many patients with chronic pain show little visible injury or damage—but still feel pain. This discovery suggests that the problem may lie in brain circuits, rather than peripheral nerves alone.

Potential biomarker / therapeutic target: Y1 receptor neurons could serve as both markers and intervention points for new pain therapies.

Behaviour and biology working together: The research suggests that activities like exercise, meditation, or brain training might affect how these circuits work—offering a way to change pain without drugs.

Personalised pain treatment: If this applies to humans, targeting these circuits could create specific therapies that reduce pain without dulling all sensation.

Key Limitations & Future Steps

This study remains in the preclinical phase—conducted on animal subjects. The human body functions in a much more intricate way, and we can't be sure about its direct use yet.

The researchers emphasize that this is one piece of the pain puzzle—it does not replace existing therapies but could complement them.

Also Read: Stiff joints and nerve pain: Can cutting sugar cure chronic pain, inflammation and fatigue?

More studies are needed to confirm how (or whether) these findings apply to humans, and whether safe, effective drugs or behavioural interventions can influence the Y1R circuits in people.

When we talk about pain, getting to know how the brain works could change how we treat it. Instead of just dealing with the signs, this study suggests we might be able to rewire how we perceive pain itself.

FAQs on Chronic Pain

1. What is chronic pain?
Chronic pain is persistent pain lasting for months or even years, often beyond the typical healing period for an injury or illness.

2. What causes chronic pain?
Chronic pain can result from ongoing conditions like arthritis, nerve damage, or underlying illnesses. It may also occur without a clear cause.

3. How is chronic pain diagnosed?
Diagnosis involves a thorough medical history, physical examination, and sometimes imaging or lab tests to identify underlying conditions.

4. What treatments are available for chronic pain?
Treatments include medications, physical therapy, lifestyle changes, psychological support, and sometimes surgery. New research suggests targeting brain circuits may offer additional options.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for a specific health diagnosis