Menstrual irregularities in teenagers: Causes, symptoms, management strategies

Changes in progesterone and estrogen levels can have an impact on how often menstrual periods occur. As the body creates a regular pattern of ovulation, menstrual periods are typical to be erratic in the first few years following menarche. (Image: Canva)

For young females, the adolescent years are a critical time for emotional and physical development. Menstrual abnormalities are one of the many change's women go through, and they can be confusing and concerning. The intricate hormonal interactions that control menstruation, or the monthly cycle of uterine lining shedding, might change during puberty.

Menstrual cycles that are irregular due to these oscillations can differ in length, flow, or even consist entirely of missing periods. In the first few years' post menarche, irregularities are usual, but persistent irregularities or noticeable alterations require medical attention.

Teenagers and those who care for them must both comprehend the elements that lead to irregular menstruation. It assists in separating out typical fluctuations from possible underlying problems that might need medical care.

Hormonal imbalance: A primary culprit

One of the main reasons why teenagers experience irregular menstruation is hormonal imbalance, says Dr Pallavi Vasal, unit director – obstetrics and gynaecology, Marengo Asia hospital, Gurugram. She says that the body experiences major hormonal changes during puberty as the reproductive system develops. Changes in progesterone and estrogen levels can have an impact on how often menstrual periods occur. As the body creates a regular pattern of ovulation, menstrual periods are typical to be erratic in the first few years following menarche.

Stress and emotional factors

Hormonal balance and menstrual regularity can be impacted by stress, anxiety, and emotional variables, says Dr Vasal. Stress levels might rise during the adolescent years because of the social pressures, emotional shifts, and academic demands that are frequently present.

The hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis can be upset by high amounts of stress, which can impact hormone production and cause irregular menstruation. Healthy stress-reduction practices include mindfulness training, relaxation techniques, and getting enough sleep can help lessen these impacts.

Diet and nutrition

Nutrition and dietary practices are important factors in menstrual health. Hormonal balance and menstrual cycles can be upset by inadequate intake of vital nutrients, erratic eating patterns, or drastic weight swings (either weight gain or weight loss). A further factor contributing to irregular periods can be nutritional deficits, especially in iron, vitamin D, and B vitamins, suggests Dr Vasal. Menstrual regularity depends on promoting wholesome, well-balanced eating practices that promote hormonal balance and general health.

Excessive exercise or physical activity

Excessive exercise or intense physical training might affect adolescent girls' menstrual periods. Intense training programs or competitive sports participation can cause energy deficiencies and hormonal imbalances that impact menstruation and ovulation. Exercise-induced amenorrhea is a syndrome that can result in irregular or nonexistent periods. Menstrual regularity can be maintained by promoting moderate exercise and making sure the body is getting enough nourishment to support physical activity.

Medical conditions and disorders

Teenage menstruation abnormalities can also be caused by specific medical diseases and disorders. Hormone levels and menstrual periods are impacted by diseases such polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), thyroid issues, and anomalies in the reproductive system. In order to ensure proper management and treatment, healthcare providers must assess and diagnose any underlying medical issues that may be causing irregular periods. Knowing the typical causes of teen menstrual irregularities gives young girls and their caretakers the ability to distinguish between periods that are normal and those that should raise more serious concerns.