COVID-19 vs HMPV: Comparing symptoms, severity, and prevention strategies

Symptoms of HMPV and COVID-19: Common symptoms of HMPV include sore throat, cough, runny nose, fever, and wheezing. COVID-19 can affect multiple organs, with overlapping symptoms such as fever, fatigue, dry cough, and nasal congestion

Respiratory illnesses have become a significant health concern in recent years, with Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) and COVID-19 emerging as two prominent players. While both diseases affect the respiratory system and share some symptoms, they differ significantly in severity, complications, and management.

Understanding these differences is important for accurate diagnosis and effective treatment, says Dr Harish Bhatia, Founder Director of Rebreathe Clinic and Senior Consultant Chest Specialist at Apollo Hospital, “Though symptoms of these conditions overlap, their impact on different body systems and the population at risk varies. Timely and accurate diagnosis by an experienced pulmonologist is critical for effective management." he says.

Also read | Symptoms of HMPV infection: Here’s how to spot the signs, stay protected 

Symptoms of Covid-19 and HMPV

“HMPV primarily targets those with weakened immunity, such as children and the elderly. Common symptoms include sore throat, cough, runny nose, fever, and wheezing. While these symptoms are typically mild and rarely lead to systemic complications, COVID-19 presents a broader spectrum. It can affect multiple organs, with overlapping symptoms such as fever, fatigue, dry cough, and nasal congestion,” says Dr Bhatia.

One of the distinctive differences of COVID-19, he says, is the loss of taste and smell, along with cardiovascular and neurological manifestations, which are absent in HMPV.

The severity of these diseases, Dr Bhatia says, also differs significantly. "HMPV usually results in mild to moderate symptoms in healthy people and rarely requires hospitalisation. However, serious respiratory complications like pneumonia or bronchiolitis may occur in infants and those with compromised immunity,” he adds.

COVID-19, on the other hand, he says, is highly variable in severity. “It can range from asymptomatic cases to severe illness and even fatality. Groups at higher risk include the elderly, those with comorbidities, and individuals with weakened immune systems. The virus has a higher hospitalisation and mortality rate than HMPV,” the expert adds.

Also read | Human Metapneumovirus: A look at key HMPV symptoms, risks and prevention

Prevention strategies:

Prevention for HMPV relies primarily on hygiene measures like handwashing, disinfecting surfaces, and avoiding close contact in crowded areas. Unfortunately, no vaccine exists for HMPV yet. “In contrast, COVID-19 prevention heavily depends on vaccination. Masks, social distancing, and hygiene remain crucial, but vaccination has been a game-changer in reducing the spread and severity of the disease,” Dr Bhatia says.

Health impacts of COVID-19 and HMPV

“Though primarily respiratory issues, both HMPV and COVID-19 can lead to gastrointestinal symptoms. Accurate understanding of these conditions is essential for effective diagnosis and treatment," says Dr Shubham Vatsya, Senior Consultant in Gastroenterology and Hepatology at Fortis Hospital, Vasant Kunj.

Comparing symptom

Both HMPV and COVID-19 are marked by respiratory symptoms such as congestion, sore throat, fever, and shortness of breath. However, COVID-19 cases often extend to gastrointestinal issues, including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. Studies show that 20-30 percent of COVID-19 patients experience such symptoms, unlike HMPV, which rarely affects the gut.

Adds Dr Vatsya, “COVID-19 has systemic implications, including damage to the gut lining, intestinal inflammation, and even liver injury. Gastrointestinal symptoms often warrant specialised interventions.”

HMPV is typically self-limiting, with symptoms resolving in 1-2 weeks. “In rare cases, it can lead to complications such as dehydration and electrolyte imbalances, particularly in vulnerable groups like children or the elderly,” Dr Vatsya says, adding, “COVID-19, however, is far more severe. High-risk groups often face acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multi-organ involvement, and even liver injury. Gastrointestinal manifestations are common, with inflammation and dysbiosis reported in many cases.”

While HMPV rarely requires GI-specific interventions, COVID-19 significantly impacts the gut, making gastroenterologists essential in its management. “Patients with pre-existing liver conditions or those undergoing antiviral therapy may require close monitoring of liver enzymes and gut health” suggests Dr Vatsya.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.