Childhood cancer: Early symptoms of cancer, plus risk factors you need to know

Symptoms of childhood cancer: Experts warn that early signs of childhood cancer can be subtle, often resembling other common illnesses (Image: Canva)

Adult cancers are often closely linked to lifestyle choices and environmental factors, making them, to some extent, preventable. In contrast, the exact cause of most childhood cancers remains unknown. Research suggests that these cancers are primarily driven by genetic mutations, changes in a child’s DNA that cause cells to grow uncontrollably.

What is childhood cancer?

Unlike cancers in adults, these mutations are often not linked to environmental or lifestyle factors, says  Dr Vikas Dua, Principal Director & Head of Paediatric Haematology, Haemato Oncology & Bone Marrow Transplant at Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram. “This makes early detection through awareness of symptoms particularly important.”

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Symptoms of childhood cancer:

Symptoms of cancer can be subtle, often resembling common illnesses. However, persistent symptoms that don’t improve should raise concern. According to Dr Dua, recognising early signs of childhood cancer can make a life-saving difference. “Parents should be aware of subtle but persistent symptoms; sudden, unexplained weight loss, recurring fevers or infections that don’t respond to routine treatment, and unusual lumps, particularly in the abdomen, neck, or limbs, should never be ignored,” says Dr Dua.

Easy bruising, nosebleeds, or prolonged bleeding from minor cuts could indicate issues with blood cells, while persistent tiredness, despite adequate rest, may suggest anemia or other underlying concerns, explain Dr Dua. “Severe headaches accompanied by vomiting, especially in the morning, bone pain that causes limping, and unexplained vision or balance problems are also key warning signs. These symptoms don’t always mean cancer, but if they last for more than a few weeks, it’s critical to seek medical attention. Early diagnosis not only improves outcomes but can also reduce the intensity of treatment required,” he says.

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Causes of childhood cancer:

While childhood cancer is relatively rare, certain factors can increase a child’s risk, explains Dr Dua. “A family history of cancer can increase a child’s risk, particularly for specific types like leukemia or retinoblastoma,” he says, adding that exposure to high levels of radiation, whether from previous cancer treatments or environmental sources, is another known risk factor. “Children with weakened immune systems, due to genetic disorders or medical treatments like chemotherapy, are naturally more vulnerable to developing cancer,” he explains.

Though less common, Dr Dua mentions that some research suggests exposure to certain chemicals during pregnancy or early childhood may also contribute to cancer risk. “While these risk factors don’t guarantee cancer, being aware of them allows for closer monitoring and earlier detection, which can make a critical difference,” he shares.

The importance of early detection:

“Catching childhood cancer in its early stages often leads to significantly better outcomes. Parents should never hesitate to seek medical advice if something feels off. Persistent symptoms, no matter how minor they seem, deserve attention,” says Dr Dua.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.