MIT scientists discover 4.5-billion-year-old traces of ‘proto-earth’ before the moon-forming collision

Did MIT Scientists Find Traces of the First Earth? (Image: Canva)

The story of our planet may have just become older and more mysterious. Scientists at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) say they may have uncovered the first physical traces of “proto-Earth”, a version of our planet that existed long before the world we know today. The study, published in Nature Geosciences, identifies an ancient chemical signature that could date back to a time before a massive collision reshaped Earth 4.5 billion years ago.

What Did Scientists Discover About Proto-Earth?

Researchers from MIT, along with teams from China, Switzerland, and the United States, studied rock samples collected from Greenland, Canada, and Hawaii. These rocks also had a peculiar potassium isotope imbalance, with a shortage of the potassium-40 isotope. This anomaly, identified through sophisticated mass spectrometry, suggests material that probably formed prior to the cataclysmic event that produced the Moon. The finding hints that some of Earth’s oldest materials may have survived deep within its interior.

Did the Ancient Earth Survive the Giant Impact?

For years, scientists believed the “giant impact” that formed the Moon melted and reshaped the entire young Earth, erasing its original composition. The new MIT findings challenge that view. The potassium-40–deficient material indicates parts of proto-Earth could have remained intact beneath the surface.

Potassium contains three natural isotopes—39, 40, and 41—and their proportions allow scientists to track the origin of a rock. Compared to meteorites and present-day Earth samples, only the older rocks possessed this imbalance of potassium. Models indicate that this chemical signature cannot be produced by subsequent geological processes, which implies it could be directly from Earth's earliest phase.

What Does This Tell Us About the Solar System?

Curiously enough, the potassium pattern seen in these samples is unlike any recognised meteorite. This raises new questions about the missing building blocks of our planet and how the solar system formed. Lead researcher Nicole Nie said, “We see a piece of the very ancient Earth, even before the giant impact. This is amazing because we would expect this very early signature to be slowly erased through Earth’s evolution.”

Why Does This Discovery Matter?

The discovery gives scientists a rare glimpse into Earth’s earliest chemistry and could change how we understand the origins of rocky planets like Mars and Venus. By identifying what may be remnants of proto-Earth, researchers have taken a major step toward answering one of science’s oldest questions: what was our planet made of before life began?  Even billions of years later, it seems the Earth is still hiding its secrets deep within its ancient layers.