Signs of ovarian cancer: Why early symptoms go undetected, know the risk factors

Symptoms of ovarian cancer: A feeling of fullness or visible swelling in the abdomen can be one of the earliest symptoms, caused by fluid buildup or tumor growth (Image: Canva)

Some diseases come with clear symptoms that make early detection easier. Unfortunately, ovarian cancer isn't one of them. Its early symptoms are vague and subtle, often going unnoticed until the disease reaches an advanced stage. By then, the cancer may have spread, making treatment more difficult and less effective.

In India, ovarian cancer is the third most common cancer among women, but its slow onset means many women only seek help when it's too late, says Dr Ahmed Al-Niaimi, gynecologic surgeon, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Centre, New York. He explains that the indefinite symptoms of ovarian cancer make it crucial for women to stay alert and seek help as soon as they notice any signs. “The lack of early symptoms makes ovarian cancer particularly dangerous. By the time women experience symptoms like abdominal bloating or frequent urination, the cancer may have already spread,” says Dr Al-Niaimi.

He adds that 60-70 percent of ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed at advanced stages, leading to poorer survival rates.

Also read | Ovarian cancer symptoms: Watch out for these signs to avoid misdiagnosis

Symptoms of ovarian cancer:

Ovarian cancer’s symptoms can be easily mistaken for other less serious conditions, which makes early diagnosis challenging.

Dr Al-Niaimi shares a list of symptoms to watch out for:

• Abdominal bloating or swelling: A feeling of fullness or visible swelling in the abdomen can be one of the earliest symptoms, caused by fluid buildup or tumor growth.
• Frequent urination: The need to urinate often, caused by bladder compression from an expanding tumor, should be noted if it’s a new or worsening issue.
• Lack of appetite: Many women with ovarian cancer report feeling less hungry, a result of bloating or pressure from the growing tumour.
• Change in bowel habits: Pressure on the intestines can cause constipation, diarrhea, or general digestive discomfort.
• Vague abdominal pain: Often mild and nonspecific, this pain is typically linked to changes in bowel movements and may worsen as the tumor grows.

Risk factors of ovarian cancer:

The risk of ovarian cancer increases with age, especially for women over 50. Other factors include a family history of ovarian or breast cancer, inherited genetic mutations like BRCA1 or BRCA2, and conditions like endometriosis. Dr Al-Niaimi suggests that lifestyle factors such as being overweight, using hormone replacement therapy, or undergoing IVF fertility treatments can also increase the risk. Regular screenings and genetic counseling are crucial for women with these risk factors.

How to prevent ovarian cancer:

While ovarian cancer can’t be entirely prevented, there are steps women can take to reduce their risk. “A healthy lifestyle with balanced nutrition and regular exercise is essential. Women who’ve had multiple full-term pregnancies and breastfed may have a lower risk. Birth control pills and tubal ligation (surgical removal of the fallopian tubes) can also offer some protection,” says Dr Al-Niaimi.

He adds, “Also, women with a family history of ovarian or breast cancer should consider genetic testing, as those with certain mutations may benefit from preventive surgery, such as the removal of ovaries and fallopian tubes."

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.