Home remedies for cognitive decline: Manage memory loss, prevent diabetes and hypertension

Cognitive decline can disrupt the normal functioning and day-to-day tasks of an individual. (Image: Canva)

As the global population ages, cognitive decline has become a growing concern. This issue is particularly significant in India, where the number of people aged 60 and above is rapidly increasing. Cognitive decline ranges from mild cognitive impairment to severe conditions like dementia, posing a critical public health challenge.

Understanding cognitive decline

Cognitive decline refers to the gradual loss of memory, thinking skills, and the ability to perform daily tasks. While some decline is a normal part of ageing, significant impairment can greatly impact an individual's independence and quality of life, says Dr Abhinav Agrahari, associate consultant, Neuro Surgery, Fortis Escorts, Okhla Road, New Delhi.

Factors contributing to cognitive decline

Age: Age is one of the most significant risk factors for cognitive decline. As individuals grow older, the risk of experiencing cognitive issues increases, particularly after the age of 65. This is due to the natural ageing process of the brain, which can lead to a reduction in the number of neurons and the connections between them.

Genetics and family history: Genetics plays a crucial role in cognitive decline. Individuals with a family history of dementia or other cognitive impairments are at a higher risk. Specific genes, such as the APOE-ε4 allele, have been linked to an increased likelihood of developing Alzheimer's disease.

Chronic diseases: Chronic health conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure) and diabetes are significant contributors to cognitive decline. Hypertension can damage blood vessels in the brain, leading to reduced blood flow and an increased risk of stroke, both of which can impair cognitive function. Diabetes can cause similar issues by affecting blood sugar levels and leading to vascular complications.

Lifestyle factors

Diet: Poor nutrition, especially diets high in processed foods and low in essential nutrients, can negatively affect brain health. A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats is beneficial for maintaining cognitive function.

Physical inactivity: Regular exercise improves blood flow to the brain, promotes the growth of new neurons, and helps prevent cognitive decline. Sedentary lifestyles, on the other hand, can accelerate cognitive deterioration.

Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to vascular problems that can impair brain health, leading to an increased risk of cognitive decline and dementia.

Excessive alcohol consumption: High levels of alcohol intake can damage brain cells and disrupt the balance of neurotransmitters, contributing to cognitive impairment.

Social isolation: Lack of social interaction and engagement can lead to cognitive decline. Staying socially active and maintaining strong connections with family and friends can help protect brain health.

Recognising symptoms of cognitive decline

Memory loss: One of the earliest and most common symptoms of cognitive decline is memory loss. This can range from forgetting recent conversations and events to struggling to recall important information. While occasional forgetfulness is normal, persistent and worsening memory problems can indicate cognitive impairment.

Confusion: Individuals experiencing cognitive decline may become easily confused, particularly regarding time and place. They might forget where they are, how they got there, or the current date and time. This confusion can interfere with daily activities and increase the risk of getting lost or disoriented.

Problems with time or place: People with cognitive decline often have difficulty understanding and keeping track of time. They may lose track of dates, seasons, and the passage of time. They might also struggle to recognise familiar places or forget how they arrived at a particular location.

Difficulty in speaking or writing: Cognitive decline can affect language skills, leading to problems with speaking and writing. Individuals may have trouble finding the right words, following or joining conversations, and writing coherent sentences. They might also repeat themselves or struggle to understand written and spoken language.

Changes in mood and personality: Cognitive decline can cause significant changes in mood and personality. Individuals may become more irritable, anxious, or depressed. They might also exhibit changes in behaviour, such as becoming more withdrawn or experiencing sudden mood swings. These changes can affect relationships and the overall quality of life.

Adopting these lifestyle changes can help mitigate the risk of cognitive decline:

Healthy diet: Consume a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.

Regular exercise: Physical activity improves brain blood flow and delays decline.

Mental stimulation: Engage in activities like reading, puzzles, and learning new skills.

Social engagement: Strong social connections can protect against cognitive decline.

Adequate sleep: Essential for maintaining brain function.

Managing chronic conditions: Control hypertension and diabetes to protect brain health.

Treatment and management

While some forms of dementia, such as Alzheimer's and vascular dementia, are irreversible, their symptoms can be managed through medications, cognitive therapy, and support systems. Reversible dementias, often caused by nutritional deficiencies, infections, metabolic disorders, alcoholism, medication side effects, or depression, can improve when the underlying causes are promptly addressed.