Head and neck cancer: Early signs and prevention methods

Head and neck cancer: Appropriate preventive measures can help you fight cancer. (Image: Canva)

Head and neck cancer refer to a group of cancers that originate in the tissues and organs of the head and neck, including the mouth, throat, larynx (voice box), sinuses, and nasal cavity. These cancers can develop from squamous cells lining the moist surfaces inside these areas. Common types include oral cancer, pharyngeal cancer and laryngeal cancer. Risk factors include tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, HPV infection and prolonged sun exposure. Early detection and preventive measures are crucial in effectively managing and reducing the risk of these cancers.

Identifying head and neck cancer in its early stages can be challenging due to the subtlety of initial symptoms, says Dr Minal Sharma, Senior Oncologist at Apollo Healthcare. However, she says that being vigilant about the following signs can facilitate early diagnosis and treatment:

Persistent sores or ulcers: Non-healing sores in the mouth, on the tongue, or on the lips that persist for more than two weeks should raise concern. These sores may bleed easily and be painless initially.

Unexplained lumps or swellings: Lumps in the neck, under the jaw, or around the throat that do not go away could indicate underlying cancer. Swelling in the jaw or neck region without an obvious cause should be examined by a healthcare professional.

Difficulty swallowing (Dysphagia): Experiencing pain or a sensation of something being stuck in the throat while swallowing can be a symptom of throat cancer. This can gradually worsen, leading to significant discomfort.

Changes in voice: Hoarseness or a persistent change in voice quality, especially if it lasts more than a few weeks, may indicate cancer of the larynx or voice box. This can include a raspy or strained voice.

Ear pain or hearing loss: Persistent ear pain, especially when not associated with an ear infection, can be a sign of cancer in the throat or mouth. This can also be accompanied by hearing loss on one side.

Unexplained weight loss: Sudden and unexplained weight loss can be a general sign of cancer, including head and neck cancer. This can be due to difficulty in eating and swallowing or the body's response to the malignancy.

Nasal congestion or obstruction: Continuous nasal congestion or blockage, especially if it is on one side, can indicate sinus cancer. This may also be accompanied by nosebleeds or a decreased sense of smell.

Numbness or weakness: Numbness or weakness in the face, particularly if it affects the muscles used for chewing, talking, or moving the tongue, can be indicative of nerve involvement by a tumour.

Prevention of head and neck cancer involves adopting healthy lifestyle habits and minimizing exposure to risk factors, says Dr Sharma. Here are some key preventive measures:

Avoid tobacco use: Tobacco use, including smoking cigarettes, cigars, or pipes, and using smokeless tobacco, is a major risk factor for head and neck cancers. Quitting tobacco can significantly reduce the risk.

Limit alcohol consumption: Excessive alcohol consumption is linked to an increased risk of head and neck cancer. Limiting alcohol intake or avoiding it altogether can lower the risk.

Maintain oral hygiene: Regular brushing, flossing, and dental check-ups can prevent infections and detect early signs of oral cancer. Poor oral hygiene and missing dental visits can increase the risk.

Protect against HPV: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant risk factor for certain types of head and neck cancers, particularly oropharyngeal cancer. Vaccination against HPV and practising safe sex can reduce this risk.

Healthy diet: Consuming a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains provides essential vitamins and antioxidants that help protect against cancer. Avoiding processed foods and red meats can also contribute to a lower risk.

Avoid prolonged sun exposure: Prolonged exposure to the sun, especially without protection, can increase the risk of lip and skin cancers in the head and neck region. Using sunscreen and wearing protective clothing can mitigate this risk.

Regular medical check-ups: Regular visits to a healthcare professional can help detect any early signs of cancer. Routine examinations and screenings are essential, especially for individuals with a family history of cancer or other risk factors.

Avoid exposure to environmental toxins: Limiting exposure to harmful chemicals and pollutants in the environment, such as asbestos and certain industrial compounds, can reduce the risk of developing head and neck cancer.