Fatigue, weakness and other common symptoms of anaemia

Frequent dizziness and headaches are signs of anaemia. The brain is particularly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels, and insufficient oxygen can lead to these symptoms (Image: Canva)

Anaemia, a condition marked by a deficiency of red blood cells or haemoglobin, affects millions of people globally. Understanding the common signs of anaemia is crucial for early detection and treatment.

Here are the most prevalent symptoms of anaemia and provides insights into why they occur.

Fatigue and weakness: One of the hallmark symptoms of anaemia is persistent fatigue. This occurs because red blood cells, which are responsible for transporting oxygen throughout the body, are in short supply. When your organs and tissues don't receive enough oxygen, it results in a general feeling of tiredness and weakness. If you find yourself unusually exhausted after routine activities, it might be an indication of anaemia.

Pale skin and pallor: A noticeable pallor, particularly in the face, inner eyelids, and nails, is another common sign of anaemia. This happens because haemoglobin, the substance that gives blood its red colour, is deficient. Reduced levels of haemoglobin make the skin appear paler than usual. This symptom can be more evident in individuals with lighter skin tones but is still a significant indicator in all skin types.

Shortness of breath: Anaemia often leads to shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion. Since haemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body, a decrease in haemoglobin levels means your body must work harder to deliver oxygen, resulting in breathlessness. This symptom is particularly noticeable when climbing stairs or engaging in exercise.

Heart palpitations: People with anaemia may experience heart palpitations or a rapid heartbeat. The heart compensates for the reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood by pumping more vigorously to circulate the available oxygen more quickly. This increased effort can cause a noticeable change in heart rhythm and a feeling of the heart pounding or fluttering.

Dizziness and headaches: Frequent dizziness and headaches are also signs of anaemia. The brain is particularly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels, and insufficient oxygen can lead to these symptoms. If you often feel lightheaded or experience headaches that are not typical for you, it could be due to anaemia.

Cold hands and feet: Another symptom of anaemia is cold extremities. Reduced oxygen levels can cause your body to prioritise blood flow to vital organs, which means less blood flow to the hands and feet. This can make them feel unusually cold, even in warm environments.

Cognitive impairments: Cognitive functions, such as concentration and memory, can be adversely affected by anaemia. The brain requires a constant supply of oxygen to function optimally. When this supply is compromised, it can lead to difficulties in focusing, memory lapses, and a general feeling of mental fogginess.

Chest pain: In severe cases of anaemia, individuals may experience chest pain. This is particularly concerning as it can mimic the symptoms of a heart attack. The pain occurs because the heart is working harder to compensate for the lack of oxygen in the blood, which can strain the heart muscles and lead to discomfort.

Restless legs syndrome: Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a lesser-known but significant symptom of anaemia. It involves an uncontrollable urge to move the legs, usually accompanied by uncomfortable sensations. RLS can disrupt sleep and reduce overall quality of life, and it is often associated with iron deficiency anaemia.

Brittle nails and hair loss: Physical changes in appearance, such as brittle nails and hair loss, can also signal anaemia. Haemoglobin supports cell growth and repair, and its deficiency can lead to weaker nails and increased hair shedding. If you notice significant changes in your nails or hair, it might be worth checking your iron levels.

Unusual cravings: A peculiar symptom of iron deficiency anaemia is pica, a condition characterised by cravings for non-nutritive substances like ice, dirt, or starch. These cravings are not fully understood but are believed to be linked to the body's need for minerals that it is lacking.