Stomach pain, constipation could be symptoms of appendix cancer, beware of these risk factors

Appendix cancer signs and symptoms include bloating, diarrhea, constipation, and stomach pain, particularly in the lower right side.

The cells lining the inside of the appendix, a small, tube-shaped organ connected to the large intestine, are the source of appendix cancer, sometimes referred to as appendiceal cancer. Appendix cancer is an uncommon type of cancer. Despite being extremely rare, appendix cancer can be difficult to identify because of its vague symptoms, which are sometimes found by accident when performing surgery for unrelated illnesses like appendicitis.

Early detection and successful management of appendix cancer depend on an understanding of the disease's symptoms, aetiology, risk factors, and available treatments, says Dr Vinay Gaikwad, Director of Surgical Oncology at CK Birla Hospital, Gurugram.

Symptoms of appendix cancer

According to Dr Gaikwad, appendix cancer symptoms can be vague and frequently confused with those of other gastrointestinal disorders. Common signs and symptoms include bloating, diarrhoea, constipation, and stomach pain, particularly on the lower right side. Additionally, some individuals may experience unexplained weight loss, decreased appetite, and fullness even after eating small amounts of food. A palpable lump in the abdomen may be felt in more severe cases. Abdominal surgery or imaging tests are often the only ways to identify appendix cancer due to the overlap of symptoms with other, more common illnesses.

Also see | Diet, lifestyle tips for appendix cancer patients: Include lean proteins, maintain hydration, avoid sugar

Causes of appendix cancer

Although the precise cause of appendix cancer is unknown, like most cancers, it is thought to be caused by genetic abnormalities in the appendix’s cells. Due to these alterations, the cells grow uncontrollably and develop into a tumour. There are various forms of appendix cancer, each with unique traits and behaviours, such as mucinous neoplasms, adenocarcinomas, and carcinoid tumours. Although further research is required to determine the precise causes, certain studies indicate that inflammation, recurrent infections, and specific genetic factors may contribute to the development of appendix cancer.

Risk factors for appendix cancer

Although appendix cancer can affect anyone, there are some factors that may increase the likelihood of developing it. The majority of cases seem to be related to age, with most people being between 40 and 60 years old. Certain forms of appendix cancer, such as carcinoid tumours, are more common in women. The risk may also be raised by inherited genetic conditions such as multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) or a family history of gastrointestinal malignancies. However, because appendix cancer is so rare, it is difficult to pinpoint precise risk factors.

Treatments for appendix cancer

The type, size, and stage of the tumour determine how appendix cancer will be treated. The primary course of treatment is surgery, which may involve removing the appendix (appendectomy) or, in more severe cases, removing a portion of the colon or other affected organs. For treating cancer that has spread throughout the abdominal cavity, hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) in conjunction with cytoreductive surgery is sometimes used. Other recommended treatments include radiation and chemotherapy, especially if the cancer is aggressive or has spread. For patients who are at risk, routine follow-ups and monitoring are crucial, as early detection and treatment are key to improving the prognosis of appendix cancer.