‘One of most important species for science’: How humble fruit fly transformed 4 key fields of research

The common fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) is a familiar sight around ripe fruit. It often goes unnoticed as it deposits eggs on decaying flesh. While we may have consumed these flies unknowingly, they are far more important than just an annoying pest.

In fact, the fruit fly has been essential to scientific progress for over a century. Thanks to this small insect, numerous breakthroughs in genetics, disease research, and evolution have been made.

From Africa to Global Populations

Originating in South-Central Africa, the fruit fly thrived on marula fruit. Over time, it spread across the world, following human settlements. Unlike the more colourful “true” fruit flies, Drosophila melanogaster rarely becomes a pest, despite its abundance during harvest time in wineries and orchards.

Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism in scientific research. It is small, easy to feed, and has a short life cycle. In just a few weeks, fruit flies can produce hundreds of offspring. Thanks to genetic advancements, researchers can manipulate their genes to study specific traits.

The fruit fly’s role in scientific discovery cannot be overstated. Here are some key areas where it has made a significant impact:

•  Understanding Genetics

Fruit flies were crucial in uncovering how genes are inherited. Their genome, sequenced in the 1990s, revealed many similarities to human genes. This connection has allowed scientists to explore human diseases, embryonic development, and even ageing through fruit flies.

• Studying Tissue Repair

Fruit flies have become a key tool in wound healing research. Their molecular processes for tissue repair are similar to humans. Despite their short lifespan, they are also used in cancer research, where they serve as an alternative to traditional cell-culture methods.

• Advancing Disease Control

The fruit fly has also helped in disease control. Wolbachia bacteria, found in fruit flies, are being used to suppress dengue fever. This groundbreaking work has led to fewer cases of dengue in Australia and other countries.

• Investigating Evolution

Fruit flies are also vital in evolutionary research. They are used to study genetic variation in endangered species. Researchers are tracking fruit fly populations to understand how they are adapting to climate change.

So, the next time you spot a fruit fly, think of all the ways it has contributed to science. Rather than swatting it away, perhaps admire its role in advancing our understanding of genetics, disease, and evolution.

(Inputs from PTI)