His two and a half years in Downing Street have exposed some of the vulnerabilities of British constitutional norms, demonstrating how the combination of a strong parliamentary majority, ambiguous ministerial and parliamentary rules and a national crisis can give prime ministers a seemingly free hand to dominate political life and avoid scrutiny.
Criticised for the way he handled the pandemic, coupled with a stream of ethical allegations including the Partygate scandal and the surfacing of a sexual misconduct case, Boris Johnson failed to find his way back to triumph.
In his resignation letter, the Indian-origin former UK Chancellor revealed splits on economic policy and hinted that he believed the UK PM's plans to both raise spending and cut tax were unrealistic.
Ahead of the meeting with Prime Minister Narendra Modi, UK PM Boris Johnson said, "From climate change to energy security to defence, the partnership of our democracies is vital as the world faces growing threats from autocratic states."