Symptoms of breast cancer in men: Watch out for signs like nipple discharge, chest lumps

Breast cancer in men can present with a firm lump just beneath the nipple. The skin on the chest may become tight or dimpled, and the nipple could retract or leak discharge. In some cases, the breast may enlarge or swell without explanation. As the cancer progresses, swelling may develop in the armpit, indicating that it has spread to nearby lymph nodes.

Breast cancer in men, while rare, is a reality. Though it accounts for less than one percent of all breast cancer cases, men must stay aware of the risks, says Dr Rajashekar C Jaka, an expert in surgical oncology at Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru. He emphasises that high estrogen levels are one of the key drivers, and many causes parallel those in women. Despite its rarity, male breast cancer can have serious consequences if left undiagnosed.

Dr Jaka explains the causes, symptoms, and treatments of high estrogen levels in men:

• Certain medications: Some drugs or hormonal treatments can elevate estrogen levels.
• Hormonal treatments for prostate cancer: Older treatments used for prostate cancer can increase estrogen.
• Testicular issues: Problems with the testes can disrupt hormone balance.
• Obesity: Excess body fat leads to higher estrogen production.
• Liver damage: Conditions like cirrhosis can raise estrogen.
• Thyroid disorders: Thyroid imbalances may contribute to high estrogen levels.
• Ageing: Hormonal changes with age can increase estrogen.
• Genetic mutations: Family history or inherited mutations, such as BRCA, raise risk.
• Radiation exposure: Previous radiation therapy to the chest increases the likelihood of breast cancer.
• Klinefelter syndrome: This genetic condition, where males have an extra X chromosome, is a unique risk factor for male breast cancer.

Also read | Causes of breast cancer in young women: Poor diet, late motherhood, less breastfeeding increase risk

• Signs and symptoms:

In men, breast cancer may begin with a lump or enlargement in the breast, often accompanied by changes in the nipple, such as discharge or inversion. The skin around the breast area may show noticeable changes, becoming tight, dimpled, or discolored. Some men may experience enlarged breasts (gynecomastia), and if the cancer has spread, swelling under the armpit may occur due to affected lymph nodes.

Also read | Breast cancer prevention starts early: Screening tests for women in their 20s, 30s and beyond

• Diagnosis and treatment:

Diagnosis of male breast cancer typically involves a core biopsy to confirm the presence of cancer, followed by imaging such as CT scans to evaluate the local area. For advanced or high-risk cases, a full-body PET CT scan may be used to check for cancer spread. Treatment options include surgery as the first step for early-stage cancer, while advanced cases may require a combination of chemotherapy, radiation, and surgery. Hormonal therapy is recommended for 5-10 years for estrogen or progesterone receptor-positive tumors, and HER2-positive tumours are treated with Trastuzumab for one year.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.