Symptoms, causes and treatment of esophageal cancer: Here's how smoking and alcohol can increase the risk

Squamous cell carcinoma, however, is more commonly associated with tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, both of which irritate and damage the esophageal tissue over time (Image: Canva)

Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption can increase the risk of several illnesses, including cancer. Esophageal cancer is among the various cancers these two habits can cause. The esophagus, a muscular tube that connects the throat to the stomach, plays a crucial role in digestion. When cancer develops in this organ, it can impact a your ability to swallow and lead to severe complications.

According to a study published in the National Cancer Institute esophageal cancer is a serious and often fatal disease. There are two primary types of esophageal cancer: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma.

Types of esophageal cancer:

Esophageal cancer is primarily divided into two types: adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma, more prevalent in Western countries, forms in the lower esophagus and is strongly linked to conditions like chronic acid reflux (GERD) and Barrett esophagus.

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Squamous cell carcinoma, on the other hand, is more common worldwide and can develop throughout the esophagus, often associated with tobacco and alcohol use.

Symptoms of esophageal cancer

Early symptoms of esophageal cancer can be subtle, making it difficult to diagnose in its initial stages, as per NCI. Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) is often one of the first signs, followed by unintentional weight loss, chest pain, chronic cough, hoarseness, persistent heartburn, and vomiting. Since these symptoms can be mistaken for other digestive issues, esophageal cancer is often diagnosed at an advanced stage, which contributes to its high mortality rate.

Causes and risk factors:

As per the NCI, several factors contribute to the development of this cancer. Adenocarcinoma is strongly linked to long-term GERD and Barrett oesophagus, a condition where chronic acid reflux damages the esophageal lining, leading to precancerous changes. Squamous cell carcinoma, however, is more commonly associated with tobacco and excessive alcohol consumption, both of which irritate and damage the esophageal tissue over time.

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Other risk factors include obesity, which increases the likelihood of acid reflux, and poor dietary habits, such as consuming a diet low in fruits and vegetables. The risk is also higher among those over the age of 68, as ageing contributes to cellular changes in the esophagus. While genetic predisposition may play a role, lifestyle factors remain the most significant contributors to the disease.

Prevention strategies:

Preventing esophageal cancer largely revolves around addressing modifiable risk factors. Avoiding tobacco and alcohol, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing acid reflux through lifestyle changes and medication can significantly lower the risk of developing the disease. Additionally, regular screenings for Barrett esophagus in high-risk individuals can aid in early detection and treatment, improving survival rates.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.