Prostate cancer in men: Early detection through symptoms, diagnosis

Persistent pain in the lower back, hips, or thighs can indicate advanced prostate cancer, which may have spread to the bones. (Image: Canva)

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men worldwide. The incidence of prostate cancer has been steadily rising, attributed to factors such as aging populations, improved screening techniques, and increased awareness. Understanding the early signs and symptoms, along with the diagnostic processes, is crucial for early intervention and better outcomes.

Early signs and symptoms

Prostate cancer often develops slowly and may not show symptoms in its initial stages. However, as the disease progresses, men might experience various symptoms that warrant medical attention, says Dr Vigyan Mishra, chief of lab-Neuberg diagnostics, Noida.

Urinary problems: Difficulty in urinating, weak or interrupted urine flow, and frequent urination, especially at night, are common early signs, says Dr Mishra. These symptoms occur because the prostate gland, located below the bladder, can enlarge and press on the urethra.

Blood in urine or semen: Haematuria (blood in urine) and hematospermia (blood in semen) can be alarming signs of prostate issues, including cancer.

Erectile dysfunction: Difficulty achieving or maintaining an erection can be related to prostate cancer, though it is also linked to other health conditions.

Pain and discomfort: Persistent pain in the lower back, hips, or thighs can indicate advanced prostate cancer, which may have spread to the bones.

Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Frequent UTIs can also be a sign, as they can result from an obstructed urinary flow due to an enlarged prostate, says Dr Mishra.

Diagnosis of prostate cancer

Diagnosing prostate cancer involves several steps to confirm the presence and stage of the disease.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test: This blood test measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by both cancerous and noncancerous prostate tissue. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer, although high levels can also result from benign conditions.

Digital rectal exam (DRE): During this physical exam, a healthcare provider inserts a gloved finger into the rectum to feel the prostate gland for abnormalities such as lumps or hard areas.

Imaging tests: Ultrasound, MRI, and CT scans can provide detailed images of the prostate and surrounding tissues to detect abnormalities.

Biopsy: If PSA levels are high or abnormalities are found during a DRE, a prostate biopsy is usually performed. This involves taking small samples of prostate tissue to be examined under a microscope for cancer cells.

Genetic testing: For men with a family history of prostate cancer or those with certain genetic markers, genetic testing may be recommended to assess risk.