Hypertension: Why men face higher rates of high blood pressure than women?

Higher smoking rates in men contribute to increased hypertension by directly raising BP and accelerating atherosclerosis. (Image: Canva)

Hypertension, commonly referred to as high blood pressure (BP), is a major preventable cause of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Often dubbed the silent killer, hypertension typically presents no symptoms until complications arise, making it a particularly insidious health issue. HTN is a major preventable cause of cardiovascular, and cerebrovascular disease. Hypertension is known as the silent killer as people have no symptoms of hypertension till, they develop some complications.

While hypertension affects both sexes, men under the age of 65 exhibit a higher predisposition compared to women, a trend particularly pronounced among younger demographics. This gender disparity stems from a complex interplay of biological and behavioural factors, says Dr C Sridevi, consultant cardiologist, DPU super speciality hospital, Pimpri, Pune

Biologically, women benefit from protective mechanisms against hypertension, primarily attributed to sex hormones and chromosomal differences, says Dr Sridevi. Estrogen, in particular, exerts vasodilatory effects that help maintain lower BP levels in premenopausal women. As women transition through menopause, however, hormonal changes diminish these protective effects, narrowing the gap in hypertension prevalence between genders.

Here are the reasons why men face higher rates of hypertension than women suggested by Dr Sridevi.

Behavioural factors

Smoking: Higher smoking rates in men contribute to increased hypertension by directly raising BP and accelerating atherosclerosis.

Body mass index (BMI): Men typically have higher BMIs, which is associated with elevated BP and a greater risk of developing hypertension.

Challenges in hypertension management

Lack of awareness: Approximately 46 percent of adults with hypertension are unaware of their condition, highlighting a significant gap in detection and diagnosis, says Dr Sridevi.

Control rates: Among those diagnosed with hypertension, only 21 percent manage to control their BP effectively.

Strategies for hypertension management

Lifestyle modifications

Smoking cessation: Eliminating smoking is crucial for lowering BP and reducing cardiovascular risks.

Weight management: Achieving and maintaining a healthy weight can significantly lower BP.

Stress management: Techniques such as meditation, yoga, and counseling can help manage stress levels, which in turn helps control BP.

Physical activity: Regular exercise is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health and reducing BP.

Dietary adjustments: Reducing salt intake, eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, and limiting alcohol consumption are vital steps.

Managing comorbid conditions

Controlling other risk factors such as diabetes and high cholesterol is crucial for comprehensive hypertension management, says Dr Sridevi.

Regular check-ups are necessary to detect and treat complications involving the heart, brain, eyes, and kidneys.

Consequences of uncontrolled hypertension

Cardiovascular disease: Uncontrolled hypertension significantly increases the risk of coronary artery disease and heart failure, says Dr Sridevi.

Cerebrovascular disease: Elevated BP is a major risk factor for stroke and other cerebrovascular events.

Peripheral artery disease: Hypertension can lead to reduced blood flow and complications in peripheral arteries.

Renal disease: Chronic high BP can cause kidney damage and lead to renal disease or failure.

Ocular complications: Hypertension can affect the eyes, leading to conditions such as hypertensive retinopathy, which can impair vision.