Everything you need to know about hypersomnia: Symptoms, causes, how to cure this sleep disorder

Sleep disorders: Hypersomnia refers to excessive daytime sleepiness, even after a full night of rest. It is more than just feeling tired after a poor night's sleep (Image: Canva)

Hypersomnia, a condition characterised by excessive sleepiness, can significantly impact a person's daily life. Unlike the occasional drowsiness that many experience after a late night, hypersomnia involves a persistent need to sleep, often at inappropriate times. Understanding this condition, its causes, symptoms, and potential treatments is essential for anyone experiencing prolonged sleepiness or those concerned about their sleep health.

What is hypersomnia?

Hypersomnia refers to excessive daytime sleepiness, even after a full night of rest. It is more than just feeling tired after a poor night's sleep; it is a chronic condition where a person feels the need to sleep during the day, often taking long naps that do not relieve the tiredness. This excessive sleepiness can interfere with daily activities, making it challenging to stay awake during work, school, or even social engagements.

There are two primary types of hypersomnia: primary hypersomnia and secondary hypersomnia. Primary hypersomnia, also known as idiopathic hypersomnia, is not caused by any other medical conditions and is typically a diagnosis of exclusion. Secondary hypersomnia occurs as a result of other underlying conditions, such as sleep apnoea, depression, or neurological disorders.

Causes of hypersomnia

The causes of hypersomnia vary depending on whether it is primary or secondary. For primary hypersomnia, the exact cause remains unknown, though it may involve dysfunction in the body's sleep-wake cycle. Research suggests that genetics may also play a role, as the condition sometimes runs in families.

Secondary hypersomnia, on the other hand, is usually linked to other health conditions or lifestyle factors. Common causes include:

Sleep Apnoea: A disorder where breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep, leading to poor sleep quality and excessive daytime sleepiness.

Depression: Mental health disorders like depression can cause excessive sleepiness as a symptom.

Medications: Certain medications, particularly those for treating anxiety, depression, or pain, can induce sleepiness.

Substance abuse: The use of alcohol or drugs can disrupt sleep patterns, leading to hypersomnia.

Neurological disorders: Conditions such as Parkinson's disease or multiple sclerosis can also cause hypersomnia.

Symptoms of hypersomnia

The primary symptom of hypersomnia is excessive daytime sleepiness, but it is often accompanied by other signs, including:

Difficulty waking up: People with hypersomnia may struggle to wake up in the morning, even after a full night's sleep.

Frequent naps: Individuals may feel compelled to take multiple naps throughout the day, often without feeling refreshed afterward.

Irritability: Chronic sleepiness can lead to mood disturbances, including irritability and anxiety.

Reduced concentration: The constant state of tiredness can impair cognitive functions, making it difficult to concentrate or make decisions.

These symptoms can have a profound effect on a person's quality of life, impacting their ability to work, study, and maintain relationships.

Treatment options for hypersomnia

Treatment for hypersomnia depends on the underlying cause. For secondary hypersomnia, treating the primary condition often alleviates the excessive sleepiness. For instance, addressing sleep apnea with a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine can significantly reduce daytime drowsiness.

For primary hypersomnia, treatment may involve a combination of lifestyle changes and medications. Common approaches include:

Stimulants: Medications such as modafinil or methylphenidate are often prescribed to help increase wakefulness.

Scheduled naps: Implementing a routine of short, scheduled naps can help manage daytime sleepiness.

Sleep hygiene: Improving sleep habits, such as maintaining a regular sleep schedule and creating a restful environment, can also be beneficial.

In some cases, therapy or counselling may be recommended, particularly if the hypersomnia is linked to mental health conditions such as depression or anxiety.