Bipolar disorder symptoms and signs: From reckless highs to crushing lows, here's how it affects daily life

Bipolar disorder is often misunderstood, but timely diagnosis and treatment can help individuals lead fulfilling lives (Image: Canva)

Bipolar disorder is a complex mental health condition marked by extreme mood swings and episodes of depression and mania. The depressive phase brings persistent sadness, fatigue, and even suicidal thoughts, while the manic phase is marked by excessive energy, impulsivity, and erratic behaviour.

These mood shifts can disrupt daily life, relationships, and work. “Bipolar disorder is often misunderstood, but timely diagnosis and treatment can help individuals lead fulfilling lives,” says Dr Sameer Malhotra, Senior Director and Head of Mental Health & Behavioural Sciences, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket.

According to Dr Malhotra, during the depressive phase, people experience overwhelming sadness, a lack of motivation, and low energy. “Basic tasks may feel exhausting, and they often struggle with pessimistic thoughts. Depression in bipolar disorder can be severe, leading to feelings of worthlessness, guilt, and even suicidal thoughts,” explains Dr Malhotra. Sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, and social withdrawal are also common, he says and adds, “These symptoms can last for weeks or months, making everyday functioning difficult.”

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In stark contrast, says Dr Malhotra, the manic phase of bipolar disorder brings an intense surge of energy and heightened emotions. “During this phase, people may feel euphoric, excessively talkative, and overly confident. They might make impulsive decisions, overspend, or engage in risky behaviours. Mania can cause a person to lose touch with reality, leading to reckless actions and, in some cases, hallucinations,” cautions Dr Malhotra. Despite appearing energetic and productive, people often lack self-awareness about their erratic behaviour, which can strain relationships and lead to financial or legal troubles.

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Dr Malhotra shares 10 symptoms of bipolar disorder:

• Persistent low mood (depression phase): A prolonged feeling of sadness or emptiness.
• Fatigue and low energy: Struggling with daily activities despite adequate rest.
• Pessimistic thoughts: A constant sense of hopelessness.
• Suicidal thoughts: In severe cases, thoughts of self-harm or suicide.
• Tearfulness: Frequent, unexplained crying episodes.
• Guilt and self-blame: Feeling responsible for things beyond one’s control.
• Disturbed sleep patterns: Insomnia or excessive sleeping.
• Excessive energy (mania phase): A sudden, intense burst of energy.
• Overconfidence and grandiosity: Inflated self-importance and unrealistic plans.
• Impulsive and risky behaviour: Reckless spending, unsafe driving, or increased sexual activity.