Jallikattu in the spotlight: Tradition, controversies and revival

On Day 1 of Jallikattu, one person was killed and at least 75 people were injured. (Image: PTI)

Jallikattu, also known as ‘Eru Thazhuvuthal’ or ‘Manju Virattu,’ is a traditional sport and cultural event held in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Celebrated predominantly during the Tamil festival of Pongal in January, Jallikattu has deep roots in Tamil heritage, symbolizing valor, tradition, and community bonding.

This year, the popular three-day ‘Avaniyapuram Jallikattu’, a bull-taming sport, is being held in Madurai. It commenced on Tuesday on the day of harvest festival 'Pongal,'.

On Day 1, one person was killed and at least 75 people were injured. The event saw the participation of nearly 825 bulls and 500 bull tamers amid elaborate security arrangement. The deceased was identified as a bull tamer, B Naveen Kumar, 22, who was gored to death by a bull.

The best bull was awarded a tractor worth Rs 11 lakh, while the best bull tamer received a car worth Rs 8 lakh.

On January 15 and 16, Jallikattu will also be held at Madurai's Palamedu and Alanganallur respectively.

Understanding Jallikattu – A historical context

Jallikattu traces its origins back over 2,000 years to the Tamil classical period. Historical texts and cave paintings, such as those at Karikkiyur in Tamil Nadu, depict scenes of men attempting to tame bulls. The sport’s name derives from ‘salli’ (coins) and ‘kattu’ (a package tied to the bull’s horns), which were rewards for successful participants in ancient times.

Traditionally, Jallikattu was more than a mere spectacle. It served as a rite of passage for young men, demonstrating courage and physical prowess. Additionally, the event has been closely tied to agricultural practices, with the bulls used in the sport often being prized breeding stock. The bulls’ strength and temperament, showcased during Jallikattu, were considered indicators of their suitability for improving local cattle breeds.

Cultural significance

For many Tamils, Jallikattu is more than just a sport. It symbolizes courage, strength, and a connection to their heritage. The event often involves elaborate rituals and festivities, showcasing the rich cultural tapestry of the region.

It is viewed as a forum for upholding Tamil customs and opposing the standardisation of Indian culture. The bulls are revered as representations of virility and strength, and their involvement in the event highlights their prestigious place in the local culture.

Controversies and legal debate

Over the years, Jallikattu has been at the centre of a debate, primarily around animal welfare and safety concerns. Critics argue that the event subjects bulls to cruelty, while proponents assert that it is an essential part of Tamil culture.

In May 2014, the Supreme Court of India banned Jallikattu, citing animal cruelty, referencing the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Act, 1960. The ruling led to widespread protests across Tamil Nadu, particularly in January 2017, when thousands of people gathered at Chennai’s Marina Beach and other locations to demand the sport’s reinstatement. These protests highlighted the depth of Tamil cultural sentiment and the broader issues of regional identity and autonomy.

Following the protests, the Tamil Nadu government passed an ordinance to allow Jallikattu, later enshrined as a law in the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (Tamil Nadu Amendment) Act, 2017. While this move was challenged in court, the sport’s practice continued under strict regulations. In 2025, Jallikattu events are bein conducted under stringent guidelines to ensure the safety of both participants and animals. Measures include veterinary inspections, restrictions on bull taming techniques, and the use of protective gear by participants.