Some people suffer more from common cold virus than others, here's why

The main reason behind people experiencing the same virus differently lies in the nasal cells and how quickly they respond and contain it (Image: Canva)

• A study finds nasal cell response determines severity of rhinovirus infection
• Quick interferon response limits infection; slow response leads to more symptoms
• Genetics and prior immunity also influence cold severity.

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Ever wondered why the same common cold affects two people differently? Rhinoviruses, which are one of its most common causes, make some people uncomfortable with a runny nose, sore throat, and mild cough, but for others, especially those with asthma, it can pose a serious problem and cause life-threatening breathing difficulties.

A new study published in the journal Cell Press Blue suggests that the main reason behind people experiencing the same virus differently lies in the nasal cells and how quickly they respond and contain it. This is also called the interferon response, which, when inhibited, reacts differently and leads to excessive mucus production and inflammation.

Dr Ellen Foxman, the lead author of the study, said, “It’s the body’s response that really determines the disease the virus causes.” This was derived after researchers grew cells in a lab that resembled the inside of the human nose.

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These cells were then infected with a rhinovirus. The researchers observed their reactions using a special technique, closely examining the immune defences that switched on in both infected and uninfected cells.

Initially, it was found that the interferon response, when activated quickly, restricted the rhinovirus infection to less than 2 per cent of the nasal cells. This meant that the infection wouldn’t cause much harm and would resolve within a few days. However, when the team manipulated the cells in a way that blocked the interferon response, more than 30 per cent of the cells became infected.

“So we were basically able to capture both the scenario where the virus is contained, it doesn’t cause much damage, and a scenario where the virus causes a lot of mucus production and inflammation,” Foxman said. Those who get hit harder may have issues with interferon production.

While it remains unknown what causes a weak or blocked interferon response, Foxman said there needs to be more research in this regard. This study, however, helps us understand what happens in the nose when a rhinovirus infection occurs. For now, it allows the possibility of using medications that are able to target inflammation and mucus production.

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The interferon response does help, but other factors also come into play when it comes to determining the severity of a rhinovirus infection. These include the presence of certain bacteria, genetic factors, underlying illnesses, or whether someone has prior immunity to the virus due to past infections.

FAQs on Common Cold

What causes the common cold?

The common cold is mainly caused by rhinoviruses that affect the nasal cells, leading to symptoms like a runny nose, sore throat, and mild cough.

Why do some people experience severe symptoms?

People with asthma or a weak interferon response may experience severe symptoms, including life-threatening breathing difficulties.

How does the body fight rhinovirus infections?

The body fights rhinovirus infections through the interferon response, which restricts the virus to less than 2 per cent of nasal cells when quickly activated.

Can the severity of a cold be influenced by other factors?

Yes, the severity can also be influenced by bacterial presence, genetic factors, underlying illnesses, or prior immunity from past infections.

What are potential treatments for severe common cold symptoms?

Future treatments may target inflammation and mucus production, though more research is needed to understand the weak or blocked interferon response. Always consult a specialist for specific health advice.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.