'Buddharoid': Kyoto University unveils AI-powered robot monk to confront decline in priest, worshippers

The integration of robotics into religious settings is not unprecedented in Japan.

A research group in Japan has presented an artificial intelligence-enabled robot monk intended to assist Buddhist temples experiencing a sustained reduction in clergy numbers and congregations.

The initiative, led by Kyoto University in partnership with technology companies Teraverse and XNOVA, was formally introduced at Shoren-in Temple, according to Tokyo Weekender.

The machine, named “Buddharoid”, has been developed to provide spiritual counsel in a manner comparable to a human monk. It operates using a system known as BuddhaBot-Plus, described by its creators as a generative artificial intelligence model adapted from ChatGPT and extensively trained on Buddhistscriptures. The development team state that this training enables the robot to address personal and societal concerns through real-time responses.

In addition to its conversational functions, the robot’s physical actions are driven by hardware produced by Unitree Robotics. The system has been engineered to reproduce the measured pace associated with monastic practice, including bowing and performing the traditional gassho gesture, in which the palms are placed together in prayer.

Researchers involved in the project have described the undertaking as a practical measure in response to demographic and social changes in Japan. The country is undergoing population decline and a marked ageing trend. At the same time, participation in organised religion among younger generations has diminished.

Specialists estimate that close to 30 per cent of Buddhist temples nationwide may cease operating by 2040. The risk is considered particularly acute in rural districts, where it has become increasingly difficult to identify successors to maintain temple activities and leadership.

The integration of robotics into religious settings is not unprecedented in Japan. In 2019, Kodai-ji Temple introduced Mindar, a humanoid robotic figure representing Kannon Bodhisattva. Mindar primarily delivered pre-recorded teachings. By contrast, Buddharoid has been designed to engage in direct dialogue with visitors.

Developers have expressed the hope that the new system will contribute to safeguarding religious customs while offering a tangible presence within temple spaces. They argue that a physical robotic form may provide reassurance and engagement beyond what purely digital or screen-based platforms can achieve.