General vs regional anaesthesia: When and why different types of anaesthesia are used

Learn the difference between general and regional anaesthesia, when each is used, who should avoid it, and possible complications before surgery. (Image: Pexels)

Anaesthesia is a controlled and reversible state of loss of sensation, which may either be with or without a loss of consciousness, which may be induced to allow surgical or diagnostic procedures. Drugs that provide relief from pain and cause muscle relaxation are used.

General anaesthesia is usually indicated for major surgeries, and it produces a state of unconsciousness that leads to a complete loss of sensation and consciousness. It can be achieved using intravenous or inhalational agents.

The person who is given general anaesthesia needs protection of the airway and ventilators support.

Also Read: What happens when you are put under anaesthesia? The science and mystery explained

Where is General Anaesthesia Needed

Major surgeries like those of the head and abdomen often need general anaesthesia. It is preferred in younger children or people who are uncooperative. Any emergency surgeries, or those that are likely to produce significant loss of blood require this type of anaesthesia.

Where Can You Not Give General Anaesthesia

While there may not be any absolute contraindications, some relative ones include severe cardiopulmonary disease, a difficult airway, and a high risk of aspiration. The healthcare provider may perform a risk-benefit assessment, and decide whether general anaesthesia is better or regional.

Complications of General Anaesthesia

While nausea and vomiting, along with a sore throat are common complications, others like dental injury, aspiration, and hypoxia may also occur in certain cases. Rare complications include anaphylaxis and awareness under General anaesthesia.

What is Regional Anaesthesia

This type of anaesthesia works by blocking nerve conduction in a specific region of the body, which can produce a loss of sensation without a loss of consciousness. Spinal, epidural, and peripheral nerve blocks may be given for this. They can act on the pain receptors, so the person does not feel anything where the anaesthesia is acting. However, they can remain awake during the surgery or procedure.

Also Read: World Anaesthesia Day 2025: From chronic pain to NCDs, Anaesthesiologist explains anaesthesia’s role in treating everyday pain

Who Needs Regional Anaesthesia

It is required in surgeries of the lower limbs and the lower abdomen, and in obstetric procedures. It reduces blood loss and the risk of thromboembolism is also decreased.

If one is undergoing any surgical procedure, it is necessary to be aware of the benefits and risks of the type of anaesthesia being given.

FAQs on Anaesthesia

General anaesthesia causes complete loss of consciousness, while regional anaesthesia numbs a specific part of the body and allows the patient to remain awake.

Yes, it is generally safe when administered by trained professionals, though minor side effects like nausea may occur.

It is often preferred for lower limb, lower abdominal, and obstetric procedures as it reduces blood loss and recovery time.

Yes, patients can remain awake, though mild sedation may be given for comfort.

People with severe heart or lung disease, difficult airways, or high aspiration risk may be advised alternatives after assessment.