Causes and symptoms of urinary tract infections, why women are more prone to this painful condition

Most UTIs are a result of infection that travels from urethra upwards (Picture Credit: Canva)

A urinary tract infection, commonly called a UTI, is usually caused by a bacterium known as E. coli, which enters and multiplies in the urinary system, including the urethra, bladder and kidneys. It has been more commonly seen in females, as they have shorter urethra.

The person often presents with chief complaints of burning micturition and increased frequency of urination. Lower abdominal discomfort is also experienced by the affected individual. Cloudy or foul-smelling urine may be noted. Mild pelvic pain and a feeling of incomplete emptying of the bladder is quite common, and these symptoms often have an acute onset and are dependent on the site of the infection, whether it is the bladder (cystitis) or the urethra (urethritis).

On examination, tenderness in the supra-pubic region may be elicited, and mild discomfort in the flank region is observed. A person with a urinary tract infection may appear uncomfortable because of urinary urgency. While uncomplicated cases may not show systemic features, complicated ones may present with fever and tachycardia.

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Most UTIs are a result of infection that travels from urethra upwards. The risk of this ascending infection is increased by poor hygiene and prolonged use of a catheter, which increases colonisation and transfer of bacteria.

Women have been found to be more predisposed to urinary tract infections because of anatomical factors like a shorter urethra, and closer proximity of the anal area. Hormonal changes also influence the mucosa, which can further predispose to this condition. Pregnancy increases the risk as a result of stasis of urine. Women in the post-menopausal age group are more likely to develop UTIs due to reduced levels of estrogen.

Urine analysis is helpful in detecting leukocytes, nitrites, and bacteria, along with red blood cells. A cloudy urine that has a foul-smelling odour aids in diagnosing this condition.

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Certain antibiotics may be advised to deal with urinary tract infections. For pain, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be given. Adequate hydration is necessary to flush the bacteria out.

Proper perineal hygiene and avoiding prolonged holding of urine can aid in preventing urinary tract infections. Fluid intake should be increased, and probiotics may be recommended.

FAQs on urinary tract infections:

1. What is a urinary tract infection?

A UTI is an infection in any part of the urinary system—bladder, urethra, or kidneys—caused mostly by bacteria.

2. What are the common symptoms?

Burning during urination, frequent urge to pee, cloudy or strong-smelling urine, lower abdominal pain, and sometimes fever.

3. Who is more prone to UTIs?

Women, pregnant individuals, people with diabetes, those with poor hydration, and individuals with a history of recurrent infections.

4. How can UTIs be prevented?

Drink plenty of water, maintain hygiene, avoid holding urine for long, urinate after sexual activity, and wear breathable cotton underwear.

5. How are UTIs treated?

Most are treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor, along with hydration and symptom-relief medications.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.