How Australia’s colourful 'dancing peacock spiders' evolve into new species, mystery DNA holds clues

How Australia’s Colourful 'Dancing Peacock Spiders' Evolve Into New Species. (Representational Image: Canva)

Australia is home to tiny creatures that mesmerise scientists. The peacock spider stands out for its dazzling colours and dance. More than 100 species have been identified so far. Researchers are eager to understand their vast variety.

Why Do Peacock Spiders Show So Much Diversity?

Scientists believe the answer lies in mysterious “dark DNA”. This hidden part of the genetic code puzzles researchers worldwide. It may allow spiders to adapt rapidly to change. Jonah Walker of the Sanger Institute explained this.

He said peacock spiders are extreme examples of evolution. “We want to know how they became so diverse,” he said. Most animals have fewer species, often five or ten. Yet peacock spiders far exceed these numbers.

Each spider is no bigger than a pinhead. Males have brightly coloured abdomens for mating displays. They perform rhythmic dances and drum with their feet. Their movements are as unique as their appearance.

How Is the Science Behind Their Diversity Studied?

Walker and Dr Joana Meier lead the research team. They collected every known species of peacock spider. Detailed notes were made of dances, sounds, and behaviour. These were matched against each species’ DNA data.

The scientists hope to link genes to traits observed. Early results suggest dark DNA plays a key role. It may hold secrets about how spiders evolve.

Dark DNA makes up most of the genetic code. Unlike genes, its function remains largely unknown. The spiders have three times more dark DNA than humans.

Dr Meier has also studied butterflies and moths extensively. These insects show large numbers of species, like spiders. The research is part of a global effort.

What Is the Earth BioGenome Project’s Ambition?

The project aims to decode the DNA of every living species. That includes plants, animals, and fungi worldwide. So far, 3,000 species’ DNA has been sequenced. The goal is 10,000 species next year.

Ultimately, scientists hope to decode 1.8 million species. The aim is to better understand life’s evolution. They believe dark DNA holds key insights.

Dr Meier said understanding all DNA helps understand humans. “Similar DNA patterns connect plants, animals, and fungi,” she said.

This research promises to unlock how life evolves. It shows how small spiders inspire big discoveries.