Childhood lung diseases: Prevent asthma, tuberculosis, pneumonia with this detailed guide for parents

Conditions like asthma can cause exercise intolerance and reduce physical fitness. (Image: Canva)

Lung diseases in children can lead to several side effects, impacting overall health and quality of life. Common side effects include chronic coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, which can disrupt daily activities and sleep. Persistent respiratory infections may result in frequent hospitalisations and an overall bad health.

Conditions like asthma can cause exercise intolerance and reduce physical fitness. Chronic lung diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, can lead to poor growth and nutritional deficiencies due to difficulty in absorbing nutrients. In severe cases, lung diseases may result in respiratory failure or developmental delays. Psychological effects, such as anxiety and stress, can also arise from ongoing health issues and treatment regimens. Early intervention and proper management are essential to minimise these side effects and improve the child’s well-being.

Lung diseases in children can be categorised based on their causes, types, and treatment options. Here’s a detailed overview, according to Delhi-based paediatrician Rajiv Kumar.

Causes of lung diseases in children

Infections:

Respiratory infections: Infections such as pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and the common cold.

Tuberculosis: Although less common, can affect children and cause severe respiratory issues.

Allergies and asthma:

Allergic reactions: These are often triggered by pollen, dust, or animal dander.

Asthma: A chronic condition that inflames and narrows the airways, causing wheezing and difficulty breathing.

Congenital conditions

Cystic fibrosis: A genetic disorder affecting the lungs and digestive system.

Congenital lung malformations: A broad range of conditions that can affect a developing baby such as congenital diaphragmatic hernia or pulmonary sequestration.

Environmental factors

Exposure to tobacco smoke: Increases the risk of respiratory problems.

Pollution: Exposure to air pollutants can exacerbate existing conditions.

Genetic disorders

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency: A genetic condition that can lead to lung damage.

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Types of lung diseases in children

Asthma: A chronic inflammatory disease characterised by wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness.

Bronchiolitis: They are typically caused by the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which affects the small airways of the lungs.

Pneumonia: An infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, which can be bacterial, viral, or fungal.

Cystic fibrosis: A progressive genetic condition leading to thick, sticky mucus buildup that can cause respiratory and digestive problems.

Chronic lung disease of prematurity (CLDP) : A condition that often affects premature infants, leading to long-term breathing issues.

Interstitial lung disease: A group of disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue.

Treatment options

Asthma: Inhaled corticosteroids, bronchodilators, and leukotriene modifiers.

Infections: Antibiotics (for bacterial infections), antivirals (for viral infections), and antifungals (for fungal infections).

Cystic fibrosis: Mucus-thinning drugs, pancreatic enzyme supplements, and antibiotics.

Nebulisation and inhalers: For asthma and other conditions that cause airway constriction or inflammation.

Oxygen therapy: To assist children with severe lung diseases or low oxygen levels.

Chest physiotherapy: Techniques to help clear mucus from the lungs, particularly useful in cystic fibrosis.

Surgery: For congenital conditions or severe cases that do not respond to medication.

Lifestyle and environmental changes: Reducing exposure to allergens, avoiding tobacco smoke, and managing indoor air quality.

Supportive care: Nutritional support, physical therapy, and regular monitoring by a doctor.

Early diagnosis and a tailored treatment plan are crucial for managing lung diseases in children effectively. If you have specific concerns or symptoms in mind, consulting a paediatric pulmonologist would provide the best guidance.