World Spine Day 2025: Spine and deformity surgeon explains how obesity can have an impact on spine health

World Spine Day 2025: Spine and deformity surgeon explains how obesity can have an impact on spine health (Picture Credit: Pexels)

Obesity is not only related to weight and aesthetics; obesity is multilevel and impacts the health of the entire body, including the spine, and the sequelae could be lurking quietly. Healthy body weight, a physically active lifestyle, and early treatment are all necessary for a strong, pain-free back.

The increase in obesity globally is a growing concern not only for doctors due to heart issues and diabetes, but it is also showing up in their office in a new way: bad backs. There are more younger and middle-aged individuals with chronic back pain, herniated discs, and early signs of degenerative changes to the spine. People generally do not think about body weight being a contributor to spine issues, but little do they know that the spine is the body's primary supporting structure. It is built to bear weight. Extra weight causes the spine to work overtime to keep the body upright. This increases stress on the spine and causes degeneration after a certain point of time, which could lead to multiple problems, and these problems take a long time to resolve.

Chronic back pain can be not just inconvenient and uncomfortable, but could affect your mobility, complicate your activities of daily living, and lower your quality of life.

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Understanding the Link Between Obesity and Spine Problems

Dr. Ramachandran G, Consultant – Spine & Deformity surgeon, Aster Whitefield Hospitals explains that every extra kilogram of body weight increases the load on the lower spine by nearly four kilograms. “Your spine is like a suspension bridge — when the tension increases, the cables weaken. Similarly, the more pressure on your back, the faster the soft tissues and discs deteriorate,” he says.

Obesity particularly affects the lumbar (lower back) and cervical (neck) spine regions. When fat accumulates in the abdomen, it shifts the body's centre of gravity forward, causing the spine to bend in an unnatural position to maintain balance. This altered position puts you at greater risk for developing the following conditions:

• Degenerative Disc Disease (DDD) – a condition in which the spinal discs lose their cushioning ability earlier than expected.
• Sciatica – occurs when a disc bulges enough to press on the nerve.
• Facet Joint Arthritis – inflammation occurs in the small connections of each spine segment.
• Spinal Stenosis – occurs when the spinal canal is narrowed, which can result in pain and several other symptoms.

How Obesity Makes Back Pain Worse

The issue is not merely mechanical but is metabolic and inflammatory too. Research published in The Spine Journal and Arthritis & Rheumatology have shown that adipose tissue secretes inflammatory mediators, known as cytokines, which damage cartilage and induce disc degeneration. As a result of this, people who have mere moderate obesity can experience back pain even if they’re not physically active.

In addition, poor muscle tone is often associated with obesity. The abdominal and back muscles are too weak to provide adequate support to the spine, creating joints that lack stability and become mechanically strained. While we sit for hours on end – a hallmark of our largely sedentary working and home culture – the stiffness, longstanding postural distortions, and chronic pain can further aggravate our musculature and increase our debilitating pain.

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Common Symptoms to Watch For
While occasional back pain is common, obesity-related spinal strain often causes:
• Persistent lower back pain, especially after standing or walking
• Tingling, numbness, or pain radiating to the legs (sciatica)
• Reduced flexibility or difficulty bending
• Neck pain or stiffness
• Fatigue due to muscle overuse

If these symptoms persist for more than a few weeks, medical assessment is important. Ignoring them can allow small issues to progress into chronic spinal damage.

Management of spinal health through lifestyle changes

Reducing your overall weight by 5 - 10% may relieve pressure or pain on your spine and improves spinal health considerably.

The following are encouraged:

• Regular activity: Any activity such as walking, swimming, cycling etc. will be beneficial, and if you can find a way to physically improve your core and structural back muscles such as yoga or pilates, it will surely lend more to your spinal health.
• Correct your posture: Sit upright, use an ergonomic chair, and avoid slumping.
• Balance your nutrition: Foods with anti-inflammatory properties; good amount of omega-3s, high fiber and antioxidant-rich foods. Sugar and processed foods should be avoided strictly.
• Sleep correctly: Use a firm mattress and sleep on your side to reduce the stress on the spine.
• See a doctor early: Don’t ignore back pain that is persistent; physiotherapy or other exercises may not suffice and perhaps surgery may be called for if the situation is severe.

FAQs on impact of obesity on spine health:

1. How does obesity affect the spine?
Obesity increases the load and pressure on the spine, which can accelerate wear and tear on spinal discs and joints, leading to pain and degenerative conditions.

2. Can excess weight cause back pain?
Yes, carrying extra body weight can strain the muscles, ligaments, and discs of the spine, often resulting in chronic back pain or discomfort.

3. Does obesity increase the risk of spinal conditions?
Obesity is linked to a higher risk of spinal issues such as herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and osteoarthritis due to increased mechanical stress and inflammation.

4. Can losing weight improve spine health?
Weight loss can reduce pressure on the spine, improve mobility, and decrease pain, contributing to better overall spine health and function.

5. Are obese individuals more likely to have posture problems?
Yes, excess abdominal fat can shift the body's center of gravity, leading to poor posture and increased strain on the lower back muscles and spine.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.