Doctors explain why toxic air damages lungs, causes long-term breathing disorders

Delhi’s toxic smog is worsening COPD and other lung diseases. Doctors explain the link between pollution and respiratory damage, share expert tips to stay safe.

The last few weeks have seen the national capital covered in an uncomfortable, dangerous smoky haze. As air quality dips to severe levels, residents are breathing in pollutants that are slowly, and often silently, harming their lungs. For those already battling chronic respiratory problems like COPD, the danger is even greater.

Doctors are reporting a worrying rise in lung-related ailments as pollution spikes. They  warn that polluted air, both indoors and outdoors, can worsen symptoms, damage lung tissue, and significantly increase the risk of long-term respiratory illness. “Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is now one of the main causes of mortality, owing to increased exposure to various air contaminants,” explains Dr Akshay Budhraja, Senior Consultant and HOD, Respiratory and Sleep Medicine, Aakash Healthcare. "These contaminants, ranging from dust and smoke to chemical fumes, don’t just irritate the lungs; they’ve been linked to asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis, and even lung cancer", Dr Budhraja tells Moneycontrol. He also adds, “Short-term pollution exposure has also been tied to higher mortality rates. The World Health Organization notes that 90% of COPD-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, where pollution levels are often at their worst.”

Also Read: Asthma and COPD: Daily air pollution hurts women more, pulmonologist warns

Link between air pollution and COPD

There is now strong scientific evidence connecting pollution to chronic respiratory diseases. “Around four million premature deaths each year are caused by chronic respiratory disorders,” says Dr Aakaar Kapoor, Founder, City Imaging and Clinical Labs. He explains to Moneycontrol that particulate matter, tiny particles floating in the air, can worsen COPD by restricting airflow and irritating lung tissue. Indoor pollutants such as dust, smoke and mould can be just as harmful as outdoor smog.

Explaining the same, Radiologist Dr Aakaar Kapoor, Founder, City Imaging and Clinical Labs, says, “Particulate matter is tiny enough to enter the air sacs of the lungs and erode their walls, causing lasting damage. The smallest particles even enter the bloodstream, increasing the risk of stroke and heart attack.” Moreover, pollution doesn’t just aggravate existing COPD, it can trigger COPD in healthy people and worsen asthma, sometimes pushing it into asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS).

Expert tips to minimise exposure: 

While outdoor pollution remains largely beyond your control, doctors insist there are ways to reduce personal risk. Dr Manav Manchanda, Director and Head, Respiratory Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Asian Hospital, suggests practical steps:

• Try to stay indoors during severe pollution and use a reliable air purifier
• Remember to seal windows and keep outdoor air from entering
• Monitor air-quality daily, especially during dusty or smoke filled days
• During high pollution levels, avoid outdoor exercise
• Stay up to date with vaccinations, including RSV, TDAP, and shingles, when recommended
• Protect vulnerable groups, such as older adults, pregnant women, and COPD patients.

Also Read: World Lung Day 2025: Doctors warn why women, kids are more at risk of lung damage due to polluted air

He warns that wildfires and extreme heat, both increasing due to climate change, may further worsen respiratory problems.

FAQs on Lung Damage Due to Toxic Air:

What are the immediate symptoms of lung damage from toxic air?

Immediate symptoms can include coughing, shortness of breath, wheezing, chest pain, and eye irritation. Prolonged exposure may lead to more severe symptoms and chronic conditions.

Can indoor air be as harmful as outdoor air?

Yes, indoor air pollutants such as dust, smoke, and mould can be just as harmful as outdoor pollutants. It's important to maintain good indoor air quality.

How does air pollution affect people with pre-existing lung conditions?

Air pollution can worsen symptoms and lead to complications in individuals with pre-existing conditions like asthma and COPD. It can increase the frequency and severity of attacks.

Can short-term exposure to pollution cause long-term damage?

Yes, even short-term exposure to high levels of pollution can cause lasting damage to lung tissue and increase the risk of chronic respiratory diseases.

What steps can I take to protect myself from lung damage due to air pollution?

Minimising outdoor activities during high pollution days, using air purifiers, sealing windows, staying updated with vaccinations, and protecting vulnerable groups are some of the steps you can take.

Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.