A Look Back at Red Fort's History: From Mughal Throne to Independent India’s Pride

Every year on 15 August, as the national flag rises against Delhi’s sky and millions listen to the Prime Minister’s speech, the Red Fort takes centre stage. It is not just a historical monument but also a symbol of India’s freedom. Its journey from a Mughal palace to the main stage of independent India is a story that reflects centuries of change.

Built for an Emperor

The Red Fort, or Lal Qila, was built by Mughal emperor Shah Jahan in 1638 when he decided to move his capital from Agra to Delhi. Designed by Ustad Ahmad Lahori, who also worked on the Taj Mahal, the fort took around 10 years to complete and was finished in 1648.

Made of red sandstone, the fort stretches over 2.4 kilometres and was the heart of the new city, Shahjahanabad. Inside were royal palaces, audience halls, gardens, and markets. The Diwan-i-Aam (Hall of Public Audience) was used for meetings with the public, while the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audience) was for important state discussions.

At the time, the Red Fort was the political and cultural centre of the Mughal Empire.

Centuries of Turmoil

Over the years, the Red Fort faced invasions and changes in power. In 1739, Nadir Shah of Persia attacked Delhi and took away many treasures from the fort, including the famous Peacock Throne.

In 1857, during the Revolt against British rule, the fort became a gathering point for Indian soldiers. After the revolt was suppressed, the British captured it, exiled the last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar, and converted parts of the fort into military barracks.

When the British shifted their capital from Calcutta to Delhi in 1911, they built a new city nearby, leaving the Red Fort as a reminder of the past. In 1945–46, it once again became important when officers of Subhas Chandra Bose’s Indian National Army were tried within its walls.

Becoming the Symbol of Freedom

On 15 August 1947, the Red Fort entered a new chapter in history. Hours after the British flag was lowered and India’s flag was raised at Parliament, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru hoisted the tricolour from the fort’s ramparts. He then delivered the first Independence Day speech to the nation.

The choice of the Red Fort was significant. It represented India’s history, its struggle under colonial rule, and the promise of a free future. Since then, every Prime Minister has followed this tradition, making the fort a part of the country’s Independence Day celebrations.

Today, the Red Fort is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and a national symbol. Each year, it stands as a reminder of India’s past and its journey as a free nation.