While several nations enforce compulsory military service, India has always relied on a voluntary system for its armed forces, despite having a constitutional provision that allows conscription if necessary.
Unlike countries such as Russia, Israel, and South Korea, India has never imposed mandatory military service, even during wars. Article 23 of the Indian Constitution permits the government to introduce conscription for national security or public welfare, but this provision has never been used.
The Indian Armed Forces, comprising the Army, Navy and Air Force, are entirely volunteer-based, with a combined strength of approximately 14.5 lakh personnel. The Indian Army alone has over 11.5 lakh active personnel, making it the world’s second-largest standing army after China.
Countries with compulsory military service
Several nations enforce mandatory military service, often due to geopolitical threats or national policies. Here’s a look at some of them:
| Country | Eligibility | Duration of Service |
|---|---|---|
| Russia | Men aged 18–27 | 12 months |
| North Korea | Universal conscription for men; selective for women (ages 17–30) | Entire eligible age span |
| South Korea | Men aged 18–35 (as per Article 39 of the constitution) | Varies; generally 18–21 months depending on branch |
| Israel | Most citizens except ultra-Orthodox and Arab Israelis | At least 2 years |
| Brazil | Male citizens (as per Article 143) | Minimum 1 year |
| Iran | Men over 18 | 18–24 months |
| Turkey | Citizens (since 2019 policy) | At least 6 months |
| Cuba | Men aged 17–28; women can volunteer | 2 years |
| Switzerland | Mandatory for able-bodied men; women may volunteer | Varies (usually 245 days over several years) |
| Eritrea | All able-bodied citizens | 18 months (including national reconstruction work) |
| Sweden | Selective conscription for both men and women (since 2017) | 9–12 months |
Experts suggest that India's large population and high volunteer turnout make conscription unnecessary. Additionally, the country's military strategy focuses on a professional, trained force rather than compulsory enlistment.
While Article 23 remains a legal option, India continues to uphold its tradition of voluntary military service, distinguishing itself from nations where mandatory conscription is a way of life.
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