COVID-19 and the economy | The mirage of growth numbers

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After initial expectations of double-digit growth for the economy by various institutions, the resurgence of the pandemic has dented the recovery process and downward revisions to single-digit growth projections have been pervasively resurfacing. However, analyst expect the second wave to have a muted impact on the economy with vaccination drives and better healthcare preparedness.

Despite supply chains remaining less impacted during the second wave, the widespread nature of the contagion impacting both urban and rural regions and percolating to the skyscrapers in the urban areas, the impact on the aggregate demand could be much severe than the previous lockdown and is likely to be hidden in the ‘mirage’ of macro-economic growth numbers.

Azim Premji University’s recent release of the State of India Working 2021 report, which provides a comprehensive and micro-level assessment, is an eye opener and the 15 percent contraction estimated in H1-FY21 is just the tip of the iceberg. Monthly per-capita income fell by 17 percent during the pandemic, primarily affecting daily-wage workers, self-employed and temporary salaried.

During April and May 2020, the poorest 20 percent households lost 100 percent of their income, while households in the top echelons of the income bracket suffered losses less than 1/5th of their pre-pandemic income. About 230 million additional individuals i.e 16 percent of India’s population fell below the national minimum wage threshold (Rs 375 per day). Estimates suggest that poverty rates to have increased by 15 percent (rural) and 20 percent (urban) on account of the pandemic disruptions. About 20 percent of the households reported that food essential had not recovered even six months after lockdown.

The impact on unemployment was the most severe on women with 47 percent suffering a permanent job loss. If this has been the severity following the first wave, the impact on aggregate demand following the second wave, which has four times the case-load, could be ravaging.

One can argue here that the economy is better prepared based on the lessons from the first wave, speedier inoculations and the pent-up demand narrative will drive the economy again from H2-FY22. However, the question is: are we looking only at the top 5 percent of the individuals to take the economy forward? ‘Forced savings’ during the first lockdown translated into spending on discretionary items during the second half of FY21, but this time around, with cash flows diverted towards essentials and healthcare during the second wave by a larger section, the resurrection of discretionary spending is likely to be more prolonged.

Similar to consumption and income of individuals, the impact on the industrial segment of the economy has also been immense and the second consecutive year of de-growth in industrial productions reflects de-industrialisation in the economy. Even prior to the outbreak, industrial output grew at a subdued pace of 3.1 percent during FY16 to FY20. Although this can be conjectured to weak demand for industrial products, the bank credit off-take to industries has averaged 2.2 percent during FY16 to FY20 with medium-scale enterprises registering a fall of 3 percent and micro enterprises recording close to nil growth.

To alleviate the impact of nation-wide lockdowns on industries, the central government did extend emergency guarantee-based credit line to MSMEs and there has been a 28.8 percent growth registered in credit to medium scale enterprises — but outstanding credit to micro enterprises grew only by 0.5 percent.

Additionally, industrial credit by the NBFCs has registered double digit contraction during each quarter commencing March 2020 till December 2020. Large-scale industries look confident, albeit lower than the start of 2021, about pick-up in recovery in FY22, but both waves of the pandemic would have strongly disrupted the MSME business operations.

In case of services businesses, the scenario is more akin to June 2020 with some segments such as IT, telecom, financial relatively better, transportation, education being stable, while contact-intensive segments such as hospitality, travel adversely being impacted. With the second wave gradually reaching the rural districts, albeit still lower than the peak seen in the first wave, the impact could be more damaging on the non-agriculture activities of the rural economy, accounting for two-third of the rural economy.

COVID-19 has had far-reaching implications on individuals and business and despite the intervention by the governments and central bank, there has been a long-lasting impact. Various macro-economic numbers will reveal a rosier side about the economy, but the ground-reality following the second wave is likely to be quite contrary to it and quite similar to the first wave. Pace and universality of vaccine administration and relief measures to the vulnerable sections of the society will act like a ‘cooling balm’ on the scar and may lessen the far-reaching and unequal implications of the second wave to some extent.