Cervical cancer begins in the cervix — the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. The primary cause of cervical cancer is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV), a virus transmitted through intimate contact. While many HPV infections clear on their own, persistent infection with high-risk HPV strains can cause abnormal cell growth in the cervix, which can develop into cancer over time.
Cervical cancer develops slowly, without noticeable symptoms in its early stages. This makes it even more important to focus on prevention through vaccination and early screening, says Dr Parnamita Bhattacharya, gynaecologist and obstetrician, Calcutta Medical Research Institute (CMRI), Kolkata. “The key to preventing cervical cancer is identifying high-risk HPV strains early and taking action before any harm is done. This is why the HPV vaccine and routine screening are critical." explains Dr Bhattacharya.
Speaking about the importance of the HPV vaccine for both men and women, Dr Bhattacharya says, "While many associate the HPV vaccine with protecting women from cervical cancer, it's essential to recognise that HPV doesn't discriminate. Men can also contract and spread the virus, which is linked to several cancers, including those of the head, neck, anus, and penis. This underscores why vaccinating boys is just as vital as vaccinating girls."
Also read | Causes, symptoms, prevention and screening methods for cervical cancer
She adds, "The HPV vaccine is not only about protecting women from cervical cancer; it's about reducing the spread of the virus and safeguarding everyone’s health. Vaccinating both boys and girls between the ages of 9 and 14 ensures they are protected before they are ever exposed to the virus."
While the HPV vaccine provides strong protection, it doesn’t eliminate the need for screening. Pap smears and HPV tests are still essential in detecting abnormal cells and viral infections that could lead to cancer. “Women should begin regular screenings at age 20-25, with Pap smears every three years. For those over 50, continuing regular screenings is important, as cervical cancer can still develop later in life. Too many women skip screenings because they feel healthy,” says Dr Bhattacharya and adds, “But cervical cancer is often asymptomatic in the early stages, and by the time symptoms like abnormal bleeding or pelvic pain appear, the cancer may already have progressed to a more advanced stage."
Also read | Cervical cancer: How quitting smoking, healthy diet, regular check-ups can reduce risk
Early detection through regular screenings, such as Pap smears and HPV testing, can identify potential issues before they become serious. “This allows for prompt intervention and significantly increases the chances of successful treatment. It’s crucial that women do not wait for symptoms to appear but stay proactive in their health care."
Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.
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