Hypertension, or high blood pressure, is a common condition that can significantly impact pregnancy. When elevated, blood pressure poses risks to both the expectant mother and her baby. It can lead to serious complications such as preeclampsia, preterm birth, and foetal growth restriction. Managing hypertension during pregnancy is crucial for ensuring a healthy outcome. Regular monitoring, lifestyle adjustments, and, when necessary, medical intervention play key roles in controlling blood pressure and minimising risks.
Understanding the effects and management strategies for hypertension can help expectant mothers maintain their health and promote a safe and successful pregnancy, says Delhi-based gynaecologist Dr Manisha Kadam.
Effects of hypertension during pregnancy:
Preterm birth: High blood pressure increases the risk of preterm labour, which can lead to premature birth. Premature babies may face challenges such as underdeveloped organs, respiratory issues, and developmental delays. Managing hypertension effectively reduces the likelihood of early delivery and its associated complications.
Preeclampsia: Preeclampsia is a serious condition characterised by high blood pressure and protein in the urine. It can cause severe complications, including damage to the kidneys and liver, and increase the risk of stroke. Prompt treatment is essential to manage symptoms and prevent progression to eclampsia, which can be life-threatening.
Foetal growth restriction: Hypertension can reduce blood flow to the placenta, impairing the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. This can lead to foetal growth restriction, where the baby grows more slowly than normal, increasing the risk of low birth weight and developmental issues.
Placental abruption: High blood pressure raises the risk of placental abruption, a condition where the placenta detaches from the uterus prematurely. This can cause severe bleeding, reduce oxygen and nutrient supply to the baby, and lead to complications such as preterm birth or stillbirth.
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Ways to control hypertension during pregnancy:
Regular monitoring: Frequent prenatal visits are crucial for tracking blood pressure and overall health. Regular monitoring allows for early detection of hypertension and its potential complications, enabling timely interventions to manage and control blood pressure effectively.
Healthy diet: A diet low in sodium and high in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains helps manage blood pressure. Foods rich in potassium and magnesium, like bananas and leafy greens, support cardiovascular health and can help maintain stable blood pressure levels during pregnancy.
Adequate hydration: Drinking plenty of water supports proper hydration, which is vital for maintaining healthy blood pressure. Staying well-hydrated helps prevent complications like dehydration and supports overall bodily functions, including cardiovascular health.
Regular exercise: Engaging in moderate exercise, such as walking or prenatal yoga, improves cardiovascular health and helps manage weight, both of which are beneficial for controlling blood pressure. Always consult a healthcare provider before starting any new exercise routine during pregnancy.
Stress management: Managing stress through techniques like deep breathing, meditation, or prenatal yoga can help lower blood pressure. Stress reduction supports overall well-being and prevents hypertension from worsening, contributing to a healthier pregnancy.
Medication: If lifestyle changes are insufficient, healthcare providers may prescribe antihypertensive medications that are safe during pregnancy. These medications help control blood pressure and reduce the risk of complications, ensuring both mother and baby remain healthy.
Monitoring symptoms: Being aware of symptoms such as severe headaches, blurred vision, or sudden swelling is crucial. Promptly reporting these symptoms to a healthcare provider helps in the early detection and management of potential complications related to hypertension during pregnancy.
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