NASA is setting its sights on Mars, with plans to send humans on a scientific mission as early as 2035. This ambitious venture could unlock answers to the age-old question: could humans live on Mars? The round trip will take about six to seven months, covering approximately 402 million kilometres each way. Astronauts could spend up to 500 days on the planet’s surface, gathering crucial data before returning to Earth.
The Artemis program is paving the way, with significant milestones already achieved. NASA’s Artemis I mission, launched in November 2022, marked a key step in preparing for future human exploration of Mars. The first crewed mission, Artemis III, is scheduled for 2026, aiming to explore the Moon’s south pole. This lunar mission will serve as essential training for the longer Mars expedition.
Artemis Program: Stepping Stone to Mars
NASA developed the Artemis program to prepare astronauts for Mars. The Moon will be used as a practice ground for longer space missions. Artemis will teach astronauts to live and work in space for extended periods.
Two key technologies will make this mission possible:
- Space Launch System (SLS) – A powerful rocket to carry astronauts to Mars.
- Orion Spacecraft – A spacecraft designed to safely transport astronauts.
NASA successfully completed the Artemis I mission in 2022. Artemis III, scheduled for 2026, will be the first crewed mission. During this mission, astronauts will land at the Moon’s south pole, collecting valuable experience for the Mars mission. They will establish habitats on the lunar surface and test water extraction techniques from subsurface ice. These methods will be vital for surviving on Mars, where similar conditions exist.
Key Questions for Mars Exploration
NASA's Human Exploration of Mars Science Analysis Group has highlighted important scientific questions. One major focus is the search for life on Mars. Earth and Mars shared similar conditions 3.8 billion years ago, including abundant water.
Another significant question is what caused Mars to lose its liquid water. Understanding the environmental shifts could offer insights into planetary evolution. These investigations will provide essential clues about Mars’ past and present conditions.
Mars: A Geological Mystery
Billions of years ago, Mars had oceans, lakes, and rivers. Today, it’s a barren, desert-like planet. Despite data from robotic missions, many questions about its history remain. Scientists have found evidence of ancient water, but the reasons for its disappearance are unclear.
Mars’ surface holds many clues. The northern hemisphere features smooth lowlands, while the southern hemisphere is cratered and ancient. The planet also has the largest volcanoes in the solar system. Human missions to study these geological features could shed light on Mars’ early history and potential for life.
NASA’s work on the Artemis program continues to lay the groundwork for this monumental mission. While Mars is still a distant dream, the knowledge gained from lunar exploration will help make it a reality.
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