Explained | Why the latest aid from US doesn't include COVID-19 vaccines or ingredients

What exactly has the US promised?

Reports say that upwards of 300 oxygen concentrators have been loaded at New York’s John F. Kennedy International Airport. The cargo will also include ventilators, another item which India had sought on an urgent basis through diplomatic channels.

“However, while all help is deeply respected, especially during a crisis, India did not request the US for PPEs and face masks. We have enough domestic capacity," a senior MEA official said.

Apart from the shipment of critical supplies, the US Development Finance Corporation will also fund a substantial expansion of manufacturing capability for the vaccine being tested by Hyderabad-based Biological E. On April 24, the company got permission from the Indian drug regulator to begin Phase 3 trials across 15 sites for its new vaccine. The US funding will enable it to produce at least 1 billion doses of COVID-19 vaccines by the end of 2022, the White House said.

Additionally, the United States will deploy an expert team of public health advisors from the Center for Disease Control (CDC), America's health protection agency, and USAID, its premier international development agency. The team will work closely with the their Indian counterparts, the National Centre for Disease Control, and the India Epidemic Intelligence Service staff.

New Delhi had sought expert hands to help train personnel on the ground, sources say. The USAID will quickly help in identifying and mobilising emergency resources available to India through the Global Fund.

Why is India requesting the US for vaccines?

The US is reportedly maintaining 35-40 million doses of COVID-19 vaccines as a stockpile, according to Ashish Jha, the dean of the Brown University School of Public Health. While the US government had ordered tens of millions of doses of the vaccine, it still hasn't received authorisation from the CDC to be used in the country.

The country has already announced that 4 million doses that it is not using will be sent to Mexico and Canada. Also, it has ordered 600 million shots from Pfizer and Moderna, both of which are shipping 28 million doses per week to the country. Of this, 7 million doses are not being used.

Meanwhile, according to Bloomberg, more than 138.6 million people in the US have received at least one COVID-19 vaccine shot while the same is true for more than 80 percent of people above 60 years of age. With about 30 percent of the population fully vaccinated, vaccination rates have fallen from the 3 million daily average and the government extends to mop up the remaining population in the next three months.

What is stopping the US from releasing the excess doses at its disposal?

Despite being mindful of the geopolitical and public relations ramifications its decision has had, Washington DC is not expected to change its stance anytime soon, MEA officials say. This may be due to intense lobbying from pharmaceutical companies in Washington DC.

“As the second wave began in India, pharma companies, especially Pfizer, stepped up their efforts to convince American lawmakers that the vaccines they have ordered should not be given away. This is simply because the companies want to be able to sell the vaccines to India, the world's largest market at the moment,” a senior diplomatic source based in New Delhi said.

With government-led mass vaccination now coming to an end in the US, the country believes that making a large selection of vaccines in abundant quantities accessible to the populace is required. This will help to draw in a significant part of the population which has sworn not to be vaccinated owing to rumours.

Why has the Biden administration banned the export of raw materials for vaccines?

The Serum Institute of India has repeatedly requested the US to lift an embargo on essential raw materials needed to produce Covovax, the second vaccine it is getting ready to produce in India, in partnership with American vaccine developer Novavax.

Similarly, Bharat Biotech has also clarified that supplies of a chemical adjutant it wants to make Covaxin has stopped. Bharat Biotech was buying it earlier from Kansas-based company Virovax but now has announced plans to locally develop it.

The issue stems from the US government’s decision in February to invoke the Defence Production Act, which contains a sub-clause preventing the export of critical raw materials required for America's local vaccine manufacturers. As a result, supplies of 37 chemicals and compounds, many of them ingredients for vaccine manufacturing, have been cut off from India, the largest global vaccine producer.

“US policymakers fear that relaxing the law for sending shipments to India will open it to requests from other nations as well. At a time when the global vaccine manufacturing schedule has gone haywire, thanks to the repeated medical issues with already approved vaccines and multiple waves of outbreaks in the developing world, policymakers are placating their constituents with an America First approach,” a senior policy advisor to both governments said.

While a large number of American and Indian think-tanks, businesses and academics have called for an end to the law, the government does not expect the US to budge on the issue anytime soon. Also, sources say the raw materials are currently in short supply and the US may be trying to build up a stockpile for itself before it releases them.

However, the latest statement from the White House has made New Delhi hopeful. “The United States has identified sources of specific raw material urgently required for Indian manufacturers of Covishield that will immediately be made available for India," the statement read. But the US has declined to clearly state which is the raw material in question and how much of it will be made available.