Symptoms of stroke: Understand BEFAST for balance, eyesight, face, arm, speech, time

Stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to the brain is disrupted, leading to brain cell damage. Often described as a “brain attack,” a stroke can strike suddenly and without warning, affecting people regardless of age or health status. The rapid onset of symptoms makes it essential for people to recognise the symptoms of a stroke. Immediate action can reduce brain damage and enhance recovery chances. Symptoms like weakness on one side, difficulty speaking, and sudden vision changes enable people to act swiftly, potentially saving lives.

The phrase “time is brain” highlights the urgency of seeking help at the first signs of a stroke. The acronym BEFAST serves as a helpful tool in identifying the signs of an acute stroke, emphasising the importance of immediate medical attention, explains Dr Natasha Tipnis, Consultant Neurology & Epilepsy Specialist at Jaslok Hospital. Stressing on the urgency of recognising these symptoms, Dr Tipnis says, “In cases of stroke, time is of the essence. The quicker you can identify the symptoms and get the patient to the hospital, the better the chances for a positive recovery."

What does BEFAST stand for?

The BEFAST mnemonic simplifies the recognition of stroke symptoms, making it easier for you to act swiftly. Dr Tipnis shares the detail about what each letter signifies:

• B is for balance: A sudden change in balance can be a critical indicator of an impending stroke. This includes difficulty sitting or standing without support, falling to one side, or feeling dizzy and unable to maintain an upright position. If someone experiences these symptoms suddenly, it’s essential to seek help immediately.

• E is for eyesight changes: Changes in vision can be alarming and should not be ignored. Sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes, double vision, or an inability to see on one side of the body may all signal a stroke. If a person has to turn their head to see clearly or is inattentive to one side, it’s a clear warning sign.

• F is for face drops: Facial asymmetry is another critical symptom. If one side of the face droops, or if the person struggles to smile or show teeth evenly, it may indicate a stroke. This drooping can often be seen when the individual is asked to express an emotion, such as smiling.

• A is for arm or leg weakness: Weakness in an arm or leg, particularly on one side of the body, is a strong indication of a stroke. This may manifest as difficulty lifting an arm or dragging a leg while walking. Observing subtle changes, such as not using one arm as much, can be significant.

• S is for speech difficulty: Speech-related symptoms can vary widely, from slurred or unusual speech to an inability to form coherent words. Individuals may also struggle to understand what is being said or respond incorrectly to questions. If someone suddenly exhibits any of these symptoms, it's vital to take action.

• T is for time to call emergency services: The final letter in the BEFAST acronym underscores the urgency of the situation. If any of the aforementioned symptoms are present, calling emergency services immediately is crucial. Patients should be transported to the nearest hospital equipped with advanced imaging technology, such as MRI, and specialized stroke units.

The risk factors: