Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a common eye condition that primarily affects older adults. It leads to the deterioration of the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, straight-ahead vision. AMD is a leading cause of vision loss in people aged 50 and older, particularly in developed countries.
Types of AMD:
Dry AMD: This is the most common form, accounting for about 85–90 per cent of cases. It occurs when the macula thins over time as part of the ageing process, leading to gradual vision loss, says Delhi-based ENT specialist Dr Rahul Awasthi.
Wet AMD: Although less common, wet AMD is more severe. It occurs when abnormal blood vessels grow under the retina and leak blood or other fluids, leading to rapid damage to the macula, says Dr Awasthi.
Causes of AMD:
Ageing: The risk of developing AMD increases significantly with age, particularly after the age of 50.
Genetics: A family history of AMD increases the risk.
Race: Caucasians are more likely to develop AMD compared to other ethnic groups.
Smoking: Smokers are at a higher risk of developing AMD.
Obesity: Obesity can increase the chance of early or intermediate stages of AMD progressing to more severe stages.
High blood pressure: Hypertension can contribute to the development of AMD.
Symptoms of AMD:
Blurry or fuzzy vision: Especially when looking at objects directly.
Dark or blind spots: These may appear in the centre of your vision.
Difficulty in recognising faces: Faces may become harder to recognise as central vision deteriorates.
Distorted vision: Straight lines may appear wavy or bent.
Difficulty reading or seeing details: Fine print may become challenging to read, and detailed tasks may become harder to perform.
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Prevention of AMD:
Healthy diet: Eating a diet rich in green leafy vegetables, fish, and fruits can lower the risk of AMD. Nutrients like lutein, zeaxanthin, and omega-3 fatty acids are particularly beneficial.
Regular exercise: Staying physically active can reduce the risk of AMD.
Quit smoking: Avoiding tobacco use is one of the most effective ways to prevent AMD.
Regular eye exams: Early detection through regular eye check-ups can help manage AMD more effectively.
Manage chronic conditions: Controlling conditions like high blood pressure, high cholesterol, and obesity can reduce the risk of AMD.
Protection from UV light: Wearing sunglasses that block UV rays can help protect the eyes from sun damage, which may contribute to AMD.
How to treat AMD:
For dry AMD: There is currently no cure for dry AMD, but supplements like vitamins C, E, zinc, and beta-carotene can slow its progression.
For wet AMD: Treatments include anti-VEGF injections to reduce blood vessel growth, laser therapy, and photodynamic therapy.
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