Cervical cancer begins in the cervix, which is the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. It occurs when abnormal cells in the cervix begin to grow uncontrollably, potentially spreading to nearby tissues and other parts of the body. The primary cause of cervical cancer is infection with certain types of human papillomavirus (HPV), a common virus transmitted through sexual contact. While most HPV infections go away on their own, some high-risk strains can cause changes in the cervical cells, leading to cancer over time.
Cervical cancer typically develops slowly, starting with precancerous changes called dysplasia, which can often be detected through screening tests like Pap smears or HPV testing, explains Dr Mohit Saxena, Consultant & Head of Department (HOD) - Medical Oncology, Manipal Hospital Gurugram. “If detected early, cervical cancer is highly treatable. However, without early detection and treatment, it can progress to more advanced stages, making it more difficult to treat,” he says.
Also read | Causes, symptoms, prevention and screening methods for cervical cancer
The initial stages of cervical cancer, warns Dr Seema Manuja, Director, Gynaecology at Sarvodaya Hospital in Faridabad, often present no symptoms. “This makes regular monitoring crucial because it allows healthcare providers to identify abnormal changes in cervical cells and intervene before they progress into cancer," she informs.
Routine checks can reveal early warning signs, which could include precancerous changes or the presence of high-risk strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV), a leading cause of cervical cancer. "HPV infections are very common, but not all strains are harmful. Early detection helps us target those high-risk strains that pose a real danger," adds Dr Manuja.
Many women avoid screenings because of misconceptions or fear of the results, says Dr Saxena and emphasises the need for open conversations and awareness programs to dispel myths and promote the importance of routine cervical health checks
There are several methods currently used to detect HPV infections and any associated cellular changes that may lead to cancer. The most common tests include:
Pap Smear (Cervical smear): This test collects cells from the cervix or vagina and looks for abnormalities that could eventually cause cancer. Starting at age 21, women are advised to get a Pap smear every three years until they reach 30. After age 30, women have the option to continue Pap smears every three years or opt for a combination of Pap smear and HPV DNA co-testing every five years. "The Pap smear is a well-established tool in identifying abnormal cells and preventing cervical cancer. Routine screening is vital, as it helps detect changes early, before they turn into cancer," says Dr Manuja.
Also read | Pap smear: Essential test for early cervical cancer detection and prevention
HPV DNA Test: This test identifies the presence of high-risk HPV types, which are responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases. Women may undergo this test alongside a Pap smear for a more comprehensive view of their cervical health. "HPV DNA testing is especially crucial because it helps detect high-risk strains of the virus that could lead to cervical cancer," Dr Saxena shares.
Biopsy: If a Pap smear or HPV test shows abnormal results, a biopsy may be performed. This involves taking a small tissue sample from the cervix or vagina for further examination. A biopsy can confirm the presence of cancerous or precancerous cells.
Screening for HPV and cervical cancer is recommended for certain groups of people, and the frequency of testing depends on age and risk factors:
Women at risk of cervical cancer: For women at higher risk due to factors such as a history of abnormal Pap smears or HPV infection, HPV testing is a preferred method of screening. The screening typically starts at age 30 and continues until age 65. "Women should begin screening at 30 and continue until they are 65 years old, repeating the test every five years if combined with a Pap smear," Dr Manuja advises.
Also read | Cervical Cancer in Young Women: Risks and Early Detection
Men who have sex with men: In some cases, especially for those who report receptive anal intercourse, specialists may recommend anal Pap smears for men who are at risk of HPV. However, HPV testing for men remains limited, with no routine screening currently available.
Patients with visible lesions or warts: If a physician detects visible lesions or warts during an exam, they may perform tests to confirm the presence of HPV.
Limitations of home testing kits: While HPV testing kits are available for home use, they cannot diagnose cancer and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical care. "Home tests can give a sense of initial findings, but they can't confirm a diagnosis or determine the appropriate next steps. Anyone using a home test should follow up with a healthcare provider to confirm the results and get further guidance," explains Dr Manuja.
Regular testing and early detection are vital in managing HPV and preventing the cancers it may cause. "Cervical cancer can often be prevented with early detection. Unfortunately, many women are diagnosed at advanced stages when treatment options are limited, but if we catch the abnormalities early, we can prevent cancer from ever developing," says Dr Saxena.
Dr Manuja notes that many women remain unscreened due to a lack of awareness or fear of the results. "We need more education and outreach to encourage women to undergo these screenings. Routine check-ups, including Pap smears and HPV testing, are straightforward, quick, and can save lives," she says.
Disclaimer: This article, including health and fitness advice, only provides generic information. Don’t treat it as a substitute for qualified medical opinion. Always consult a specialist for specific health diagnosis.
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