Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sex. They can be caused by bacteria (chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis), viruses (human papillomavirus (HPV), herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV), parasites (Trichomonas vaginalis), and fungi. Transmission occurs when infected body fluids such as semen, vaginal fluids, blood, or mucous membranes contact those of an uninfected person.
Here are some common signs of STI
Unusual discharge: An abnormal discharge from the vagina, penis, or anus, which can be yellow, green, or have an unusual odour, indicating infections such as gonorrhea or chlamydia, says Dr Nischal Rana from Mumbai.
Burning sensation during urination: Pain or a burning feeling when urinating, often associated with chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis, says Dr Rana.
Sores or bumps: The presence of sores, blisters, or bumps on the genitals, anus, or mouth, which can indicate herpes, syphilis, or human papillomavirus (HPV).
Itching and irritation: Persistent itching or irritation in the genital area, potentially caused by pubic lice, scabies, or trichomoniasis.
Pain during sex: Experiencing pain during sexual intercourse (dyspareunia) may be linked to STIs like chlamydia or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).
Unusual bleeding: Unexplained bleeding between periods or after sex can be a symptom of infections like chlamydia or gonorrhea, which cause inflammation and irritation of the cervix.
Flu-like symptoms: According to Dr Rana, symptoms such as fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, and fatigue can accompany some STIs, especially in the initial stages of infections like HIV or syphilis.
Prevention of STIs
Use condoms: Consistently using latex condoms during vaginal, anal, and oral sex significantly reduces the risk of contracting most STIs.
Get vaccinated: Vaccines are available for certain STIs, such as HPV and hepatitis B. Getting vaccinated can prevent these infections.
Regular testing: Regular STI screenings help in early detection and treatment, especially if you have multiple sexual partners or a new partner.
Avoid sharing personal items: Do not share items that can transmit infections, such as needles, razors, or sex toys without proper cleaning.
Communicate with your partner: Open and honest communication with sexual partners about STI testing and sexual health can help in taking preventive measures.
By being aware of the signs of STIs and taking proactive steps to prevent them, individuals can protect their sexual health and the health of their partners.
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