H9N2, a variant of the avian influenza virus that is common in birds, can occasionally infect humans, particularly children. Children are particularly vulnerable to infection when they are around live poultry markets or farms. The main mode of transmission is through contact with contaminated environments or carriers of the virus. Because the virus can adapt to humans, it is crucial to exercise caution and take preventative steps to reduce the risk of infection in juvenile populations.
Differential impact on children:
Symptoms of H9N2 avian flu in children are frequently less severe than in adults. Common symptoms of H9N2 in children include fever, cough, sore throat, runny or stuffy nose, and headache, akin to other viral infections, says Dr Saurabh Khanna, lead consultant - paediatrics & neonatology, CK Birla hospital, Gurgaon. Additionally, muscle aches, fatigue, and conjunctivitis may manifest. Severe symptoms like difficulty breathing and pneumonia can occur in some cases, underscoring the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment.
Children's growing immune systems make them more vulnerable to serious repercussions from H9N2 infection, even with milder symptoms. Pneumonia and other respiratory issues are more prevalent in paediatric patients and can have detrimental effects on health, says Dr Khanna.
Why children are vulnerable to diseases
Immune response: Children are particularly vulnerable to diseases like the H9N2 avian flu because their immune systems are still developing. Their immune systems might not be as strong, which could result in a longer course of sickness or make them more vulnerable to problems, says Dr Khanna.
Respiratory physiology: Adults and children have different respiratory physiologies, which may have an effect on the intensity and course of H9N2 illness. Smaller airways and higher respiratory rates in children may accelerate the spread of viruses and exacerbate respiratory symptoms.
Management and treatment considerations
Paediatric antiviral therapy: Children infected with H9N2 may be prescribed antiviral drugs, such as oseltamivir (Tamiflu), to lessen the intensity and duration of their symptoms. However, juvenile populations may have different dose and administration recommendations, so healthcare practitioners must take this into careful consideration.
Supportive care: To effectively manage H9N2 infection in children, supportive care must be prioritised. To reduce symptoms and encourage healing, paediatric therapy must include hydration, rest, and fever management, says Dr Khanna.
Diagnosis: To detect H9N2 infection in children, laboratory testing such as RT-PCR, throat/nasal swabs, and serological testing are used. By recognising antibodies against the virus, isolating it, and detecting viral RNA, these tests help to ensure timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment.
General advice for parents:
Parents should monitor children for flu-like symptoms, especially after exposure to birds. Keeping children away from areas with known bird flu outbreaks and ensuring good hygiene practices further reduces the risk of infection.
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